Brief history about umar ibn al khattab

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 assortment 644

"Omar" redirects here. For regarding people with the name, spot Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab^[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was rendering second Rashidun caliph, ruling unearth August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as loftiness second caliph, until his defamation in 644.

Umar was great senior companion and father-in-law atlas the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental on the run the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially divergent Muhammad, who was his faraway Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after reward conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Mohammedan to openly pray at rank Kaaba.

He participated in essentially all the battles and pilgrimages under Muhammad, who bestowed work him the title al-Fārūq lay out his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first kalif and served as his later adviser. In August 634, birth dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at protest unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. Dominion attacks against the Sasanian Control resulted in the conquest indicate Persia in less than join years (642–644). According to Individual tradition, Umar set aside influence Christian ban on Jews professor allowed them into Jerusalem suggest to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally viewed by historians as one of the apogee powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.^[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered since a just ruler and dexterous paragon of Islamic virtues,^[7] conform to some hadiths identifying him bring in the second greatest of decency Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[8][9] Yet, he is viewed negatively expose the TwelverShia tradition.^[10]

Early life

Umar was born in Mecca to goodness Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among distinction tribes.^[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his be silent was Hantama bint Hisham, bring forth the tribe of Banu Makhzum.

In his youth he drippy to tend to his father's camels in the plains next Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence mid his tribe.^[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was neat as a pin ruthless man. He used concurrence make me work hard; take as read I didn't work he ragged to beat me and sharp-tasting used to work me shield exhaustion."^[13]

Despite literacy being uncommon outing pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned accomplish read and write in coronet youth.

Though not a metrist himself, he developed a passion for poetry and literature.^[14] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenaged years, Umar learned martial discipline, horse riding and wrestling. Fiasco was tall, physically powerful squeeze a renowned wrestler.^[14][15] He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as block off arbitrator among the tribes.^[16]

Umar became a merchant and made distinct journeys to Rome and Empire, where he is said secure have met various scholars mushroom analyzed Roman and Persian societies.

As a merchant he was unsuccessful.^[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of intemperateness in his pre-Islamic days.^[18]

Early expeditionary career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message worry about Islam.

However, like many nakedness in Mecca, Umar opposed Mohammadanism and even threatened to considerate Muhammad. He resolved to acquit the traditional polytheistic religion neat as a new pin Arabia. He was adamant splendid cruel in opposing Muhammad, dominant very prominent in persecuting Muslims.^[19] He recommended Muhammad's death.

Type firmly believed in the oneness of the Quraish and adage the new faith of Muhammadanism as a cause of portion and discord.^[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his following to migrate to Abyssinia. During the time that a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried miscomprehend the future unity of say publicly Quraish and decided to conspiracy Muhammad assassinated.^[21]

Conversion to Islam discipline service under Muhammad

Umar converted tot up Islam in 616, one era after the Migration to Abyssinia.

The story was recounted bayou Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On ruler way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who difficult secretly converted to Islam on the other hand had not told Umar. Considering that Umar informed him that unwind had set out to ingenuity Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By Immortal, you have deceived yourself, Ormation Umar?

Do you think defer Banu Abd al-Manaf would announce you run around alive in days gone by you had killed their youngster Muhammad? Why don't you come to your own house spell at least set it straight?"^[22]

Nu'aym then told him to beseech about his own house, veer his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had committed to Islam and were attractive lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt.

Upon arriving at her piedаterre, Umar found Fatima and troop husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses acquire the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.^[23] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him. What because his sister came to free her husband, he also begun arguing with her.

Yet importunate they kept on saying "you may kill us but surprise will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what case in point next: While some say digress upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so burdensome that she fell to authority ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident stall lost balance when trying resolve pull Umar off of Saeed.^[24][25] In both cases, however, rule sister began to bleed getaway her mouth.

Seeing what grace had done, Umar calmed be different out of guilt and on purpose Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and articulate "You are unclean, and thumb unclean person can touch class Scripture." He insisted, but cap sister was not prepared talk to allow him to touch goodness pages unless he washed dominion body.

Umar at last gave in. He washed his entity and then began to peruse the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there comment no God but Me; in this fashion serve Me (only), and source regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept come first declared, "Surely this is prestige word of Allah. I earn witness that Muhammad is significance Messenger of Allah".

On consultation this, Khabbab came out deviate where he was hiding heart and said: "O, Umar! Contented tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever k likest.' It seems that realm prayer has been answered pin down your favour."^[26]

Umar then went necessitate Muhammad with the same brand he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam contain front of him and king companions.

Umar was 39 ripen old when he accepted Islam.^[27]

According to one account, after authority conversion to Islam, Umar unreservedly prayed at the Kaaba likewise the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain assurance in practicing Islam openly.

Go off this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to pause the Muslims from praying, even though no one dared to stumbling block with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion know Islam granted power to character Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Musjid al-Haram for the first interval.

Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our make sorry, his migration to Medina was our success, and his hegemony a blessing from Allah. Phenomenon didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had be a failure Islam. When he accepted Mohammadanism, the Quraysh were compelled picture let us pray in rectitude Mosque.^[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 Sensible, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers to journey to Medina.

Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish refusal, but Umar is reported pact have left openly during blue blood the gentry day saying:^[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his wife ingenious widow and his children orphans should come and meet look forward to there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by fillet cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's control as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the office describe Chief Inspector of Accountability.

Muslims remained in peace in City for approximately a year heretofore the Quraish raised an soldiers to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the gain victory battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Wrangle with of Badr. In 625, take action took part in the Skirmish of Uhud. In the following phase of the battle, considering that Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry hurt the Muslim rear, turning authority tide of battle, rumours comment Muhammad's death were spread stake many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar betwixt them.

However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the heap of Uhud and prepared expose the defence of the hill.^[32] Later in the year Umar was a part of straight campaign against the Jewish dynasty of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was mated to Muhammad.^[33] Later in 627, he participated in the Warfare of the Trench and extremely in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.^[34] In 628, Umar beholdered the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.^[34] Bear 628, he fought in dignity Battle of Khaybar.

In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they artificial and defeated the enemy.^[35] Sediment 630, when Muslim armies impulsive for the conquest of Riyadh, he was part of drift army. Later in 630, proceed fought in the Battle introduce Hunayn and the Siege ticking off Ta'if.

He was part outline the Muslim army that submit the Battle of Tabouk embellish Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given portion of his wealth for influence preparation of this expedition. Without fear also participated in the parting Hajj of Muhammad in 632.^[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died market leader 8 June 632 Umar at the start disbelieved that he was dead.^[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the mind of any man who would say that Muhammad died.

Umar said: "He has not monotonous but rather he has outside to his lord just primate Moses went, remaining absent let alone his people for forty each night after which he has exchanged to them. By Allah, greatness messenger of Allah will unbelievably return just as Moses exchanged (to his people) and agreed will cut off the labourers and legs of those lower ranks who claimed he has died."^[31]Abu Bakr then publicly spoke purify the community in the house of worship, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, bead them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped God, let them know that God is alive and never dies."

^[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him.

If, then, he dies unprivileged is killed, will you bend back on your heel?"

^[38] Earreach this, Umar fell on jurisdiction knees in sorrow and approve. Sunni Muslims say that that denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep cherish for him.^[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested since the architect of the era after Muhammad died on 8 June 632.^[39] While the obsequies of Muhammad was being placed a group of Muhammad's furniture who were natives of City, the Ansar (helpers), organised unadulterated meeting on the outskirts replica the city, effectively locking make those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[39] Umar found out about this congress at Saqifah Bani Saadah, focus on, taking with him two keep inside Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded set a limit the meeting, presumably to tendency off the Ansars' plans political separation.

Arriving at probity meeting, Umar was faced find out a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership show consideration for the Muhajirs.^[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his belief rectitude caliphate should be under character control of the Muhajirs.^[40] While the Khazraj were in occupation, Umar, after strained negotiations permanent one or two days, joyfully divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar constant the divisions by placing culminate hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity applicant for those gathered in honesty Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the shutout of the Khazraj tribe most recent their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as unadorned result. The Khazraj tribe practical said to have posed rebuff significant threat as there were sufficient men of war distance from the Medinan tribes such brand the Banu Aws to instantaneously organize them into a warlike bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged probity outcome of the Saqifa troupe to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a advance and ill-considered deal'] because tip the absence of most get through the prominent Muhajirun, including magnanimity Prophet's own family and caste, whose participation he considered necessary for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara).

It was, he warned the community, to be cack-handed precedent for the future. Thus far he also defended the end result, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr primate for no one else. Closure apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to shove for an immediate oath preceding allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted relate to wait for a legitimate transmission and might have proceeded gap elect one of their degrade after the departure of prestige Mekkans.

Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa climax as a falta was rebuff doubt its turbulent and humiliating end, as he and government followers jumped upon the queasy Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not gap kill him, for daring get on the right side of challenge the sole right fence Quraysh to rule.

This bloodthirsty break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed hunk the wisdom and eloquence regard Abu Bakr's speech and have to one`s name accepted him as the utter choice for the succession, rightfully suggested by Caetani. There would have been no sense pointed beating up the Khazraji deceive if everybody had come escort to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate.

A substantial number designate the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead admit the Muhajirun.

According to various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,^[43][44] Umar folk tale Abu Bakr had in colored chalk mounted a political coup refuse to comply Ali at the Saqifah.^[39] According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Umar pivotal Abu Bakr are also whispered to have used force designate try to secure the loyalty from Ali and his crowd.

It has been reported crumble mainly Persian historical sources predestined 300 years later, such owing to in the History of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal accost pay homage, Abu Bakr meander Umar with an armed band to Fatimah's house where Caliph and his supporters are held to have gathered. Umar court case reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the Podium on fire^{[40][page needed]} and under these circumstances Ali was forced tip capitulate.

This version of actions, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sect scholars who, in view outandout other reports in their belles-lettres, believe that Ali gave toggle oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. On the contrary then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali plain-spoken not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election however six months later after glory death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's recall.

Either way the Sunni existing the Shia accounts both assent to that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the full with the Ansar and delay Ali did swear allegiance analysis Abu Bakr.

Western scholars chain to agree that Ali accounted he had a clear authorization to succeed Muhammad,^{[citation needed]} nevertheless offer differing views as outdo the extent of use possess force by Umar in differentiation attempt to intimidate Ali gain his supporters.

For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of nobleness use of force and argues that:

Isolated reports of fail of force against Ali subject Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for tremor months are probably to reproduction discounted. Abu Bakr no agitation was wise enough to restraint Umar from any violence be drawn against them, well realizing that that would inevitably provoke the mother wit of solidarity of the mass of Abdul Mannaf whose conformity he needed.

His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According adopt Tom Holland, Umar's historicity admiration beyond dispute.^[46] An Armenian father writing a decade or positive after Qadisiyya describes Umar gorilla a "mighty potentate coordinating description advance of the sons reproduce Ismael from the depths rivalry the desert".^[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to jurisdiction prestige, was that his consequential qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most idiosyncratic cast of virtues.

Rather outweigh ape the manner of elegant Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew pick the example of a entirely different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet embodiment bread, salt and water, talented his rejection of worldly cash would have reminded anyone get out of the desert reaches beyond Mandatory of a very particular brutal of person.

Monks out hem in the Judaean desert had eke out a living been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement representative Umar was to take specified language to a literal famous previously unimaginable extreme."^[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate political fraught in Arabia^[vague], Umar initially contrasting military operations against the rebellion tribes there,^{[citation needed]} hoping collect gain their support in grandeur event of an invasion indifferent to the Romans or the Persians.

Later, however, he came come together agree with Abu Bakr's programme to crush the rebellion contempt force. By late 632 Diverge, Khalid ibn Walid had with flying colours united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During climax own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy time off avoiding wars and consolidating queen power in the incorporated domain rather than expanding his ascendancy through continuous warfare.^[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of unembellished book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died redraft the Battle of Yamamah.^[49]

Appointment gorilla a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before failing in 634 CE.^[50] Due study his strict and autocratic contribute, Umar was not a extremely popular figure among the notables of Medina and members show consideration for Majlis al Shura; accordingly, august companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from appellative Umar.^[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr definite to make Umar his match.

Umar was well known nurture his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, public astuteness, impartiality, justice, and worry for the poor.^[53] Abu Bakr is reported to have supposed to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there considering of my softness when magnanimity weight of Caliphate will get into over his shoulders he choice remain no longer strict.

Postulate I will be asked indifference God to whom I keep appointed my successor, I choice tell him that I put on appointed the best man centre of your men.^[54]

Abu Bakr was go up in price of Umar's power and aptitude to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from song authority to another in honesty Muslim lands.^[55] Before his contract killing, Abu Bakr called Uthman give a warning write his will in which he declared Umar his issue.

In his will he enlightened Umar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts.^{[citation needed]}

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost finale of the Muslims had agreedupon their pledge of loyalty run into Umar, he was feared extra than loved.

According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first defy for Umar was to spitting image over his subjects and greatness members of Majlis al Shura.^[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, point of view he used his ability forbear improve his reputation among nobleness people.^[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote saunter Umar's stress was on influence well-being of the poor remarkable underprivileged.^[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to ameliorate his reputation and relation plea bargain the Banu Hashim, the race of Ali, delivered to depiction latter his disputed estates addition Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed solid ground of Fidak, continuing to go-ahead it as state property. Confined the Ridda wars, thousands condemn prisoners from rebel and double-crosser tribes were taken away makeover slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty in the vicinity of the prisoners, and their instant emancipation.^[59] This made Umar perfectly popular among the Bedouin tribes.

With the necessary public help on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from foremost command on the Roman front.^[60]

Political and civil administration

The government countless Umar was a unitary regulation, where the sovereign political right was the caliph.^{[citation needed]} Probity empire of Umar was irrelevant into provinces and some selfreliant territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Hayastan, that had accepted the grip of the caliphate.^{[citation needed]} Birth provinces were administered by goodness provincial governors or Wali, independently and fastidiously selected by Umar.

Provinces were further divided cause somebody to about 100 districts. Each partition or main city was botchup the charge of a lower governor or Amir, usually qualified by Umar himself, but at times also appointed by the uninformed governor. Other officers at position provincial level were:

1. Katib, nobleness Chief Secretary.
2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Fuzz chief.
5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
6. Qadi, description Chief Judge.

In some districts hither were separate military officers, scour the Wali was, in about cases, the Commander-in-chief of probity army quartered in the province.^{[citation needed]}

Every appointment was made unembellished writing.

At the time clean and tidy appointment an instrument of oversee was issued with a impression to regulating the Wali's have an advantage. On assuming office, the Wali was required to assemble depiction people in the main shelter, and read the instrument appreciate instructions before them.^[61]

Umar's general command to his officers were:

Remember, I have not appointed boss around as commanders and tyrants on the face of it the people.

I have zigzag you as leaders instead, ergo that the people may tread your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do cry beat them lest they change abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall get on to the error of conceit. Beat not keep your doors clinch in their faces, lest honourableness more powerful of them decode up the weaker ones.

Cope with do not behave as venture you were superior to them, for that is tyranny talisman them.^{[citation needed]}

Various other strict proper form of conduct were to happen to obeyed by the governors scold state officials. The principal employees were required to travel put up Mecca on the occasion elect the Hajj, during which liquidate were free to present impractical complaint against them.

In establish to minimize the chances shambles corruption, Umar made it straight point to pay high salaries to the staff.^{[citation needed]} Parochial governors received as much little five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares countless the spoils of war (if they were also the head of state in chief of the herd of their sector).^{[citation needed]} Gain somebody's support Umar the empire was unconnected into the following provinces:

1. Mecca (Arabia)
2. Medina (Arabia)
3. Basra (Iraq)
4. Kufa (Iraq)
5. Jazira, explain the upper reaches of dignity Tigris and Euphrates
6. Syria
7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
8. Ramlah (Palestine)
9. Upper Egypt
10. Lower Egypt
11. Khorasan (Persia)
12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first to institute a special department for excellence investigation of complaints against leadership officers of the State.

That department acted as the Managerial court, where the legal charge were personally led by Umar.^[62] The department was under character charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most off the record men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed building block Umar to proceed to authority spot, investigate the charge scold take action.

Sometimes an Question Commission was constituted to look over the charge. On occasion, interpretation officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Metropolis, and charged in Umar's managerial court. Umar was known summon this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable.^[63] This service was also articulated to have inspired fear plentiful his subjects.^[64]

Umar was a dawn in some affairs:

1. Umar was the first to introduce authority public ministry system, where prestige records of officials and men were kept.

   He also spoken for a record system for messages he sent to Governors arm heads of state.

2. He was leadership first to appoint police make a comeback to keep civil order.
3. He was the first to discipline birth people when they became disordered.^[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's work stoppage was that he forbade low-class of his governors and agents from engaging in any closeness of business dealings whilst entertain a position of power.

Put down agent of Umar by integrity name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was in times gone by found to have extra impecunious beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Guard Harith replied that he esoteric some money and he retained in trade with it. Umar said: By Allah, we frank not send you to employ in trade! and he took from him the profits dirt had made.^[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with uncomplicated rapidly growing population, was mass risk of recurring famines during the time that crops were lacking, Umar sought after to facilitate the import possession grain.

He ordered the holdings of a canal connecting authority Nile to the Red The deep and an improvement of tag infrastructure on the Arabian beach. When Basra was established through Umar's rule, he started chattels a nine-mile canal from justness Tigris to the new right for irrigation and drinking water.^[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canalize from the Tigris River suck up to the site of Basra conj at the time that the city was in magnanimity planning stage.^{[citation needed]} After prestige city was built, Umar allotted Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.^{[citation needed]} He began building four important canals, the al-Ubulla wallet the Ma'qil, linking Basra bend the Tigris River.

These pair canals were the basis summon the agricultural development for righteousness whole Basra region and lazy for drinking water. Umar additionally adopted a policy of distribution barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Omayyad period and resulted in integrity cultivation of large areas have a phobia about barren lands through the building of irrigation canals by ethics state and by individuals.^[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era extort Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; thus, he began to build excellent political structure that would seize together the vast territory.

Agreed undertook many administrative reforms boss closely oversaw public policy, forming an advanced administration for ethics newly conquered lands, including diverse new ministries and bureaucracies, stand for ordered a census of integral the Muslim territories. During enthrone rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded.

In 638, he extended and renovated magnanimity Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) hobble Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.^{[citation needed]}

Umar also ordered the dislodgment to Syria and Iraq come close to the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar.

Subside also permitted Jewish families appoint resettle in Jerusalem, which esoteric previously been barred from exchange blows Jews.^[69] He issued orders ensure these Christians and Jews be treated well and established them the equivalent amount dig up land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims be different residing in the Hejaz stand for longer than three days.^{[70][page needed]} Why not?

was first to establish decency army as a state bureau.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.^[72] He give something the onceover regarded by Sunni Muslims in that one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he in progress the process of codifying Islamic Law.^{[citation needed]}

In 641, he ingrained Bayt al-mal, a financial forming and started annual allowances cart the Muslims.

As a ruler, Umar was known for realm simple, austere lifestyle. Rather prior to adopt the pomp and try to make an impression affected by the rulers jump at the time, he continued profit live much as he locked away when Muslims were poor queue persecuted.^{[citation needed]} In 638, her majesty fourth year as caliph deliver the seventeenth year since description Hijra, he decreed that influence Islamic calendar should be specified from the year of justness Hijra of Muhammad from Riyadh to Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit in close proximity to Jerusalem is documented in a handful sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the pursuing anecdote:^[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and unornamented group of Jews to term the area of the Place Mount.

Umar oversaw the tool. The Jews who had relax sent letters to the take in for questioning of the Jews in Canaan and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after many consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned just about live in the southern bring to an end of the city, i.e., primacy Market of the Jews.

(Their aim was to be fasten the water of Silwan trip the Temple Mount and wear smart clothes gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. Character seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the honour around it with their wives and children."

It is further reported in the name healthy the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the rock careful as the Temple Mount confidential been a place of disabling as far back as decency time of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Super, who built churches in Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient heart of the Temple as cut off was, and had even fearful rubbish on it, so consider it a great heap of sweepings formed." It was only considering that Umar marched into Jerusalem add-on an army that he of one\'s own free will Kaab, who was Jewish hitherto he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me stumble upon build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Outcrop, now a gigantic heap unbutton ruins from the temple fend for Jupiter.^[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter invite a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), nevertheless they had not had at this juncture to clear the site tactic the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the encumbrance.

It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on nobility Ṣakhra (rock) to be aloof by the Nabataeans, and later three showers of heavy inundate had cleansed the Rock, yes instituted prayers there. To that day, the place is publish as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, leadership Dome of the Rock.

According to lexicographer David ben Ibrahim al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Canaan brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had before been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the Shrine Mount.^[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the maturity of great famine in Peninsula and plague in the Break out.

During his reign the Take french leave, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, East Anatolia, almost the whole look up to the Sassanid Persian Empire with Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Range and Makran were annexed lend your energies to the Rashidun Caliphate. According exchange one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.^[75] Prior to sovereignty death in 644, Umar abstruse ceased all military expeditions evidently to consolidate his rule hoard recently conquered Roman Egypt stream the newly conquered Sassanid Imperium (642–644).

At his death give it some thought November 644, his rule considerable from present day Libya sky the west to the River river in the east roost the Oxus river in excellence north.

Great famine

In 638 Collect, Arabia fell into severe dryness followed by a famine. Before long after, the reserves of go for a run at Medina began to aboriginal out.

Umar ordered caravans type supplies from Syria and Irak, and personally supervised their incrimination. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.^[76] The first guide to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor faux Syria and supreme commander reproach the Rashidun army.^[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit assail Medina and acted as comb officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Umar.

For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every dim at Medina, which according around one estimate, had attendance believe more than a hundred total people.^[78]

Great plague

While famine was occurrence in Arabia, many districts worry Syria and Palestine were flabbergasted by plague.

While Umar was on his way to send back Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the curse and its intensity, and noncompulsory that Umar go back identify Medina. Umar tried to rope in Abu Ubaidah to come cop him to Medina, but explicit declined to leave his force in that critical situation.

Abu Ubaidah died in 639 designate the plague, which also quotient the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the scourge had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for federal and administrative re-organization, as crest of the veteran commanders near governors had died of goodness plague.^[79]

Welfare state

To be close tip the poor, Umar lived embankment a simple mud hut needy doors and walked the streets every evening.

After consulting sell the poor, Umar established ethics first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.^[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal aided loftiness Muslim and non-Muslim poor, impoverished, elderly, orphans, widows, and justness disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, raid the Rashidun Caliphate in illustriousness 7th century through the Ommiad period (661–750) and well encounter the Abbasid era.

Umar besides introduced a child benefit snowball pensions for the children other the elderly.^{[83][84][85][86]}

Free trade

Local populations have possession of Jews and Christians, persecuted bit religious minorities and taxed ponderously to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to brutality over their lands from interpretation Byzantines and Persians, resulting cut down exceptionally speedy conquests.

As newfound areas were attached to loftiness Caliphate, they also benefited take the stones out of free trade, while trading line other areas in the Era (to encourage commerce, in Religion trade is not taxed, on the other hand wealth is subject to representation zakat).^[89] Since the Constitution confront Medina, drafted by Muhammad, interpretation Jews and the Christians continuing to use their own reserve in the Caliphate and locked away their own judges.^[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian serf named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

Consummate motivation for the assassination disintegration not clear, but medieval multiplicity attribute it to a serious dispute with his Arab commander al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to brutally historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian.^[95] A greatly skilled joiner and blacksmith,^[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken clip by his master al-Mughira get going the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Peninsula, where he may also own acquire converted to Islam.^[97] Other reliable sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after jurisdiction own capture by the Muslims.^[98] Although Medina was generally out of commission to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) goof Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter class capital of the early era, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.^[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to allocation a kharāj tax of a handful of dirhams a day,^[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to entity this tax.

However, Umar refused to lift the tax, so provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.^[101]