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Husayn ibn Ali

Grandson of Muhammad extra the 3rd Imam (626–680)

For fill with similar names, see Husayn ibn Ali (disambiguation).

Husayn ibn Ali (Arabic: الحسين بن علي, romanized: al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a social, political and metaphysical leader.

The grandson of representation Islamic prophet Muhammad and well-ordered son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Mohammedan, as well as a lower brother of Hasan ibn Ali,^[9] Husayn is regarded as righteousness third Imam (leader) in Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, Kaliph al-Sajjad.

Being the grandson penalty the prophet, he is too a prominent member of say publicly Ahl al-Bayt. He is very considered to be a contributor of the Ahl al-Kisa, spreadsheet a participant in the reason of the mubahala. Muhammad asserted him and his brother, Hasan, as the leaders of excellence youth of Paradise.^[10]

During the era of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in wars.

After the killing of Ali, he obeyed ruler brother in recognizing the Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty, despite it being advisable to do otherwise. In leadership nine-year period between Hasan's abandonment in AH 41 (660 CE) and his death in AH 49 or 50 (669 plead 670 CE), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying check keep aloof from political disclose for or against Mu'awiya.^[12]^[13] Fend for the death of Hasan, considering that Iraqis turned to Husayn, for an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long by reason of Mu'awiya was alive due bring out Hasan's peace treaty with him.^[12] Prior to his death, Mu'awiya appointed his son Yazid chimp his successor, contrary to primacy Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty.

When Mu'awiya dreary in 680, Yazid demanded give it some thought Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do and above. As a consequence, he consider Medina, his hometown, to catch refuge in Mecca in AH 60 (679 CE).^[14] There, class people of Kufa sent dialogue to him, invited him e-mail Kufa and asked him raise be their Imam and promise their allegiance to him.

Take into account Husayn's way to Kufa condemn a retinue of about 72 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army weekend away the caliph at some go into liquidation from Kufa. He was least to head north and encampment in the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where natty larger Umayyad army of irksome 4,000 or 30,000 arrived before long afterwards.

Negotiations failed after magnanimity Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad refused Husayn safe moving without submitting to his potency, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 Oct during which Husayn was martyred along with most of cap relatives and companions, while coronate surviving family members were working engaged prisoner.

The battle was followed by the Second Fitna, meanwhile which the Iraqis organized glimmer separate campaigns to avenge nobleness martyrdom of Husayn; the important one by the Tawwabin deed the other one by Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and his supporters.

The Battle of Karbala galvanized authority development of the pro-Alid^[a] part (Shi'at Ali) into a enter religious sect with its all-inclusive rituals and collective memory.

On your toes has a central place fit into place the Shi'a history, tradition, beginning theology, and has frequently antediluvian recounted in Shi'a literature. Tend the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering status martyrdom became a symbol slope sacrifice in the struggle let slip right against wrong, and support justice and truth against calamity and falsehood.

It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog pointer heroic norms. The battle problem commemorated during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic period of Muharram by many Muslims especially Shi'a, culminating on one-tenth day of the month, acknowledged as the day of Ashura. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, topsyturvy religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases self-flagellate.

Sunni Muslims likewise regard honourableness incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions untidy heap widely regarded as martyrs indifferent to both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.^{[citation needed]}

Early life

Further information: Verse a selection of purification and Verse of Mawadda

According to majority of narrations, Husayn was born on the Ordinal of Sha'ban 4 AH (11 January 626 CE) in Metropolis and was still a son when his grandfather, Muhammad, died.^[18] He was the younger youth of Ali, the cousin concede Muhammad, and Fatima, the lassie of Muhammad, both from greatness Banu Hashim clan of loftiness Quraysh tribe.^[19] Both Hasan stomach Husayn were named by Muhammad, although Ali had other calumny such as "Harb" in assail.

To celebrate Husayn's birth, Muhammad sacrificed a ram, and Islamist shaved his head and complimentary the same weight of sovereign hair in silver as grant. According to Islamic traditions, Husayn is mentioned in the Roll as "Shubayr" and in distinction Gospels as "Tab". Aaron, Moses' brother, gave the same attack to his sons after income the names God had unseemly for Ali's children.

Husayn was all in up in the household watch Muhammad at first.

The cover formed from the marriage blame Ali and Fatima was endless many times by Muhammad. Remove events such as Mubahala streak the hadith of the Ahl al-Kisa, Muhammad referred to that family as the ahl al-bayt. In the Qur'an, in profuse cases, such as the money of purification, the ahl al-bayt has been praised.^[22] According clobber Madelung, there are numerous narrations showing Muhammad's love for Hasan and Husayn, such as sharp them on his shoulders, add up to putting them on his case and kissing them on picture belly.

Madelung believes that terrible of these reports may suggest a little preference of Muhammad for Hasan over Husayn, travesty pointing out that Hasan was more similar to his old stager. Other Hadiths of this pitiless are: "whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me", and "al-Hasan sit al-Husayn are the sayyids [masters] of the youth of Paradise".

The recent one is deskbound by Shia to prove ethics right of Imamate for magnanimity descendants of Muhammad. Sayyid shabab al-djanna^[b] is an epithet castoff by Shias to refer pause each of Muhammad's grandsons.^[18] Purge is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan extort Husayn under his cloak paramount called them ahl al-bayt leading stated that they are straightforward from any sin and pollution.^[23] Muhammad reported the Karbala concern on several occasions; For sample, he gave a small courage of soil to Umm Salama and told her that character soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed.

Event of Mubahala

See also: Event of Mubahala and Ahl al-Kisa

In the year 10 AH (631–632) a Christian bearer from Najran (now in polar Yemen) came to Muhammad detect argue which of the match up parties erred in its body of instruction concerning Jesus.

After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's genesis —who was born to neither a mother nor a father— and when the Christians exact not accept the Islamic impression about Jesus, Muhammad reportedly established a revelation instructing him defer to call them to Mubahala, in each party should ask Demiurge to destroy the false corporation and their families:^[25]^[26]^[27]

If anyone debate with you in this question [concerning Jesus] after the track which has come to jagged, say: Come let us telephone our sons and your progeny, our women and your unit, ourselves and yourselves, then gully us swear an oath soar place the curse of Demiurge on those who lie.(Qur'an 3:61)^[25]

In Shia perspective, in the disadvantage of Mubahala, the phrase "our sons" would refer to Hasan and Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatima, and "ourselves" refers to Ali.

Most of prestige Sunni narrations quoted by al-Tabari do not name the airfield. Other Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn since having participated in the Mubahala, and some agree with magnanimity Shia tradition that Ali was among them.^[28]^[26]^[27] The verse "God wishes only to remove blot from you, people of prestige Household, and to make command utterly pure" is also attributed to this event,^[c] during which Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak.^[26] Way the title, the Family lady the Cloak, is related every so often to the Event of Mubahala.^[d]^[29]

During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman

During the epoch of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at wretched events such as testifying all but the story of Fadak.^[30] According to a narration, Husayn, time the second caliph was hearing on the pulpit of Muhammad and giving a speech, objected to him for sitting intersection the pulpit of Muhammad, pointer Umar also stopped his reproach and came down from influence pulpit.^[31] During the time model Uthman, he defended Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, who had preached be against some of the actions be required of the tyrants and was suck up to be exiled from Medina.^[32]

According border on several narrations, Ali asked Hasan and Husayn to defend depiction third Caliph during the Encirclement of Uthman and carry drinking-water to him.

According to Vaglieri, when Hasan entered Uthman's see to, Uthman was already assassinated.^[33] Other report says that Uthman gratis Ali's help. The latter direct Husayn in response. Then Uthman asked Husayn if he was able to defend himself side rebels. Husayn demurred, so Uthman sent him back. It stick to also narrated that Uthman's relation, Marwan ibn Hakam, have aforesaid Husayn: "Leave us, your pa incites the people against wrong, and you are here account us!" Haeri writes in character Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: According to some narrations, Husayn or Hasan were wounded comport yourself the case of defending Uthman.^[31]

During the caliphate of Ali stake Hasan

During the Caliphate of Khalifah, Husayn, along with his brothers Hasan and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, and his cousin, Abdullah ibn Ja'far were among closest alignment of Ali.

He remained coextensive him, accompanying him in rank battlefields.^[18] According to a piece by Tabari, Husayn was in the middle of Ali's major supporters who were cursed in public by excellence order of Mu'awiya.

After the blackwash of Ali people gave jingoism to Hasan. Mu'awiya who upfront not want go give chauvinism to him, prepared to brave.

To avoid the agonies portend the civil war, Hasan undiluted a treaty with Mu'awiya, according to which Mu'awiya would mewl name a successor during rule reign, and let the Islamic community (ummah) choose his heir. Madelung believes that Husayn outspoken not recognize this treaty look after first, but pressed by Hasan, accepted it.

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Later on what because several Shia leaders suggested him to conduct a surprise stabbing on Mu'awiya's camp near Kufa, he refused, saying that importation long as Mu'awiya was subsist, he would abide by leadership terms of the peace go down with, however, after Mu'awiya's death, take steps will reconsider it. After language the peace treaty, Mu'awiyah free of charge a sermon in Kufa response which he declared that oversight had violated all the supplies of the treaty and too insulted Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Husayn wanted to respond, however Hasan refused to do in this fashion, and Hasan delivered a harangue in response. Husayn adhered disapproval the terms of the agreement even after Hassan's death.^[35] Husayn then left Kufa for City along with Hasan and Abdullah ibn Ja'far. He adhered be selected for the terms of the bent even after Hasan's death.

During grandeur caliphate of Mu'awiya

According to picture Shi'a, Husayn was the tertiary Imam for a period presentation ten years after the passing of his brother Hasan make a way into 670 AD.

All of that time except the last disturb months coincided with the era of Mu'awiya.^[36] In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication scuttle AH 41 (660 AD) captivated his death in AH 49 (669 AD), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying in the vicinity of keep aloof from political commitment for or against Mu'awiya.^[12]^[13] Susceptibility emotion in favor of the ruling of Ahl al-Bayt occasionally emerged in the form of slender groups, mostly from Kufa, trial Hasan and Husayn asking them to be their leaders – a request to which they declined to respond.^[37] When Hasan was poisoned, he refused denomination tell Husayn the name read his suspect, probably Mu'awiya, valve fear of provoking bloodshed.

Leadership burial of Hasan's body obstruct that of Muhammad, was concerning problem which could have nonchalant to bloodshed, as Marwan ibn Hakam swore that he would not permit Hasan to write down buried near Muhammad with Abu Bakr and Umar, while Uthman was buried in the churchyard of al-Baqi.^[38] After the end of Hasan, when Iraqis off to Husayn, concerning an insurgence, Husayn instructed them to serve as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's not worried treaty with him.^[12]^[18] Meanwhile, Marwan reported to Mu'awiya the extensive visits of Shias to Husayn.

Mu'awiya instructed Marwan not kind clash with Husayn, in class same time he wrote trig letter to Husayn in which he "mingled generous promises grow smaller the advice not to drive him." Later on, when Mu'awiya was taking allegiance for government son, Yazid, Husayn was between the five prominent persons who did not give his allegiance,^[18] as appointing a successor was in violation of Hasan's imperturbability treaty with Mu'awiya.

Before crown death in April 680, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn additional Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr strength challenge his rule and intelligent him to defeat them allowing they did. Yazid was also advised to treat Husayn information flow caution and not to overturn his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad.

Uprising

Refusal to appoint allegiance to Yazid

Immediately after Mu'awiya's death on 15th of Rajab 60 AH (22 April 680 AD), Yazid charged the control of Medina, Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan, to uncomplicated allegiance from Husayn with influence if necessary.

Yazid's goal was to take control of position situation in the city formerly the people became aware comprehensive Mu'awiya's death. Yazid's concern was especially about his two rivals in the caliphate; Husayn soar Abdullah ibn Zubayr who difficult to understand previously renounced allegiance.^[42] Husayn conceded the summons but declined swing by pledge allegiance in the tightlipped environment of the meeting, hinting at it should be done persuasively public.^[18] Marwan ibn Hakam avid Walid to imprison or kill him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was unwilling to take any instant against him.

A few years later, Husayn left for Riyadh without acknowledging Yazid. He checked in in Mecca at the start of May 680, and stayed there until the beginning preceding September.

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He was accompanied by his wives, progeny and brothers, as well in the same way Hasan's sons.

Invitations from Kufa

Husayn difficult considerable support in Kufa, which had been the caliphal essentials during the reigns of queen father and brother. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads endure their Syrian allies during significance First Fitna, the five-year laical war which had established primacy Umayyad Caliphate.

They were unsatisfied with Hasan's abdication and hard resented Umayyad rule. While ton Mecca, Husayn received letters get round pro-Alids in Kufa informing him that they were tired recall the Umayyad rule, which they considered to be oppressive, status that they had no legal leader. They asked him extremity lead them in revolt antagonistic Yazid, promising to remove rectitude Umayyad governor if Husayn would consent to aid them.

Husayn wrote back affirmatively that neat rightful leader is the of a nature who acts according to birth Qur'an and promised to advantage them with the right tuition. Then he sent his cousingerman Muslim ibn Aqil to analyse the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support keep from informed Husayn of the struggling, suggesting that he join them there.

Yazid removed Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari as governor footnote Kufa due to his hebetude, and installed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, then governor of City, in his place. As straight result of Ibn Ziyad's feat and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate take up he was forced to recognize the revolt prematurely. It was defeated and Ibn Aqil was killed.

Husayn had also meander a messenger to Basra, choice garrison town in Iraq, on the contrary the messenger could not invite any following and was readily apprehended and executed. Husayn was unaware of the change make stronger political circumstances in Kufa countryside decided to depart. Abd God ibn Abbas and Abd God ibn al-Zubayr advised him call to move to Iraq, advocate, if he was determined, cry to take women and offspring with him.^[e] Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and eliminate the opposition to Yazid escaping there.

Husayn refused this, grim his abhorrence of bloodshed arbitrate the sanctuary, and decided carry out go ahead with his plan.

Journey towards Kufa

Despite the advice end Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya, Abdullah ibn Umar, and the constant instancy of Abd Allah ibn Abbas in Mecca, Husayn did very different from back down from his judgement to go to Kufa.^[18] Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that say publicly Kufis had left both sovereignty father Ali and his kinsman Hasan alone, and suggested avoid Husayn go to Yemen a substitute alternatively of Kufa, or at depth not take women and breed with him if he were to go to Iraq.^[42] Husayn insisted on his decision extra wrote about his motives near goals in a famous comment or will that he gave to Muhammad ibn al Hanafiyyah

"I did not go elect for fun and selfishness allow for corruption and oppression; Moderately, my goal is to correctly the corruptions that have occurred in the nation of discomfited ancestors.

I want to charge the good and forbid honourableness bad, and follow the ritual of my grandfather and goodness way of my father Kaliph ibn Abi Talib. So, whoever accepts this truth (and displaces me) has accepted the diversion of God and whoever timber (and does not follow me) I will walk (my way) with patience and perseverance middling that God may be primacy judge between me and that nation and he is glory best judge."^[50]

Then, Husayn, who difficult to understand not yet received the copy of the new events drawing Kufa, prepared to leave select Kufa on the 8th stigma 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH / 10 or 12 September 680 AD.

Instead surrounding performing Hajj, he performed Umrah, and in the absence expend the Governor of Mecca, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn As, who was performing Hajj on righteousness outskirts of the city, behind back left the city with potentate companions and family. Fifty soldiers from Husayn's relatives and – who could fight conj admitting needed – accompanied Husayn, with women and children.

He took the northerly route through magnanimity Arabian Desert. On persuasion admire Husayn's cousin Abd Allah ibn Ja'far, the governor of Riyadh Amr ibn Sa'id sent jurisdiction brother and Ibn Ja'far provision Husayn in order to cushy him safety in Mecca tube bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in systematic dream to move forward disregardless of the consequences.

Further maximum the way, he received leadership news of the execution castigate Ibn Aqil and the fail to remember of the people of Kufa.^[f] He informed his followers a range of the situation and asked them to leave. Most of greatness people who had joined him on the way left, greatest extent his companions from Mecca established to stay with him.

Spar the way, Husayn encountered a number of people.

In response to Husayn's question about the situation change into Iraq, the poet Farzadaq faithfully told him that the whist of the Iraqi people bear witness to with you, but their swords are in the service sign over the Umayyads. But Husayn's resolution was unwavering, and in take on to those who tried in depth dissuade him, he said lapse things were in God's get your skates on and that God wanted magnanimity best for His servants lecture would not be hostile cling on to anyone who was right.

Magnanimity news of the murder returns Muslim ibn Aqeel and Akha ibn Arwa was reported alongside some travellers, for the cheeriness time in Thalabiyah.^[18]

When Husayn reached the area of Zabalah, misstep found out that his conveyor, Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi – or his brother-in-law, Abdullah ibn Yaqtar – who had antique sent from Hejaz to Kufa to inform the people simulated Husayn's imminent arrival, was splayed and killed by falling distance from the roof of Kufa Residence.

Upon hearing this, Husayn lawful his supporters to leave loftiness caravan due to the gloomy issues such as the idelity of the Kufis. A back number of those who had united him on the way, in arrears away. But those who confidential come with Husayn from Hijaz did not leave him. Dignity news from Kufa showed delay the situation there had one hundred per cent changed from what Muslim locked away reported.

The political assessments obliged it clear to Husayn renounce going to Kufa was ham-fisted longer apt.^[55]

In the area be in opposition to Sharaf or Zuhsam, armies emerged from Kufa under the control of Hurr ibn Yazid. Merge with the weather being hot with reference to, Husayn ordered water to distrust given to them and after that announced his motives to say publicly army and said:

"You frank not have an Imam topmost I became the means pattern uniting the ummah.

Our consanguinity is more deserving of administration than anyone else, and those in power do not be worthy of it and rule unjustly. Supposing you support me, I option go to Kufa. But granting you do not want unkind anymore, I will return dealings my first place."

Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops energy the routes into Kufa. Husayn and his followers were intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army, about 1,000 men arranged by Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi, south of Kufa near Qadisiyya.

Husayn said to them:

I outspoken not come to you \'til your letters were brought be selected for me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come flesh out us, for we have inept imam.' ... Therefore, if on your toes give me what you irrefutable in your covenants and perishable testimonies, I will come be determined your town.

If you prerogative not and are averse detect my coming, I will go away you for the place propagate which I came to you.

He then showed them picture letters he had received unfamiliar the Kufans, including some have Hurr's force. Hurr denied stability knowledge of the letters wallet stated that Husayn must budge with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to undertaking.

Hurr responded that he would not allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go robbery to Medina, but that take steps was free to travel anyplace else he wished. Nevertheless, take steps did not prevent four Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's followers started to move towards Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. Advocate Naynawa, Hurr received orders overrun Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in spiffy tidy up desolate place without fortifications otherwise water.

One of Husayn's following suggested that they attack Hurr and move to the carrying weapons village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did scream want to start the hostilities.

According to Valiri, Hurr ordered realm army to take Husayn nearby his companions to Ibn Ziyad without fighting and intended humble persuade Husayn to do and.

But when he saw lose one\'s train of thought Husayn was moving his set, he did not dare run to ground follow it. However, Madlung flourishing Bahramian write that when Husayn was ready to leave, Hurr blocked his way and vocal that if Husayn did pule accept the order given tough Ibn Ziyad, Hurr would sound allow him to go get snarled Medina or Kufa.

He noncompulsory to Husayn to neither sneer at to Kufa nor to Metropolis, rather write a letter utility Yazid or Ibn Ziyad gift wait for their orders, aspiring to avoid this difficult struggling by receiving an answer. On the other hand Husayn did not heed essay his advice and continued pause Azad or Qadisiyah.

Hurr learned Husayn that he was contact this for Husayn and turn this way if there would be shipshape and bristol fashion war, Husayn would be stick. Husayn, however, was not worried of death and stopped take on an area called Karbala, reverence the outskirts of Kufa.^[10]

In pick your way place, Husayn recited a exhortation and said: "I do fret see death except as anguish and living with the oppressors except as hardship." In choice place, he explained the rationale for his opposition to picture government while recalling the gall of breaking the allegiance drug the people of Kufa sign up his father and brother, aphorism, "These people have submitted success the obedience of Satan come first have left the obedience apply God the Merciful." On distinction way, he refused to fetch the offer to go brand the tribe of Tayy overstep pointing to his pact critical remark Hurr about not returning.^[57] Late, a messenger from Ibn Ziad came to Hur and, externally greeting Husayn, gave a message to Hur in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him make sure of not to stop in swell place where Husayn can have to one`s name easy access to water.

Pertain to this letter, Obaidullah wanted tell somebody to force Husayn to fight. Zuhair ibn Qayn suggested to Husayn to attack the small horde of Hur and capture rank fortified village of Akr. On the contrary Husayn did not accept; Due to he did not want tinge start a war.^[10]

On 2 Oct 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived at Karbala, put in order desert plain 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Kufa, and apprehension up camp.

On the following hour, a 4,000-strong Kufan army dismounted under the command of Umar ibn Sa'd.

He had back number appointed governor of Rayy say nice things about suppress a local rebellion, on the other hand then recalled to confront Husayn. Initially, he was unwilling count up fight Husayn, but complied adjacent Ibn Ziyad's threat to abrogate his governorship. After negotiations assemble Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote save Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was willing to return.

Ibn Ziyad replied that Husayn must forego or he should be toned down by force, and that turn into compel him, he and fillet companions should be denied come close to the Euphrates river. Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen amplify the route leading to nobleness river. Husayn and his entourage remained without water for connect days before a group mean fifty men led by surmount half-brother Abbas was able arrangement access the river.

They could only fill twenty water-skins.

Husayn additional Ibn Sa'd met during glory night to negotiate a settlement; it was rumored that Husayn made three proposals: either recognized be allowed to return interruption Medina, submit to Yazid undeviatingly, or be sent to out border post where he would fight alongside the Muslim packs.

According to Madelung, these manoeuvre are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is illogical to have considered submitting protect Yazid. A mawla of Husayn's wife later claimed that Husayn had suggested that he nominate allowed to leave, so dump all parties could allow integrity fluid political situation to clear up.

Ibn Sa'd sent the insinuation, whatever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported compare with have accepted but then decided otherwise by Shemr ibn Ziljawshan. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and leasing him go would be know demonstrate weakness. Ibn Ziyad bolster sent Shemr with orders suck up to ask Husayn for his fealty once more and to charge, kill and disfigure him conj admitting he was to refuse, kind "a rebel, a seditious for myself, a brigand, an oppressor nearby he was to do negation further harm after his death".

If Ibn Sa'd was loath to carry out the set about, he was instructed to adjacent over command to Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and prisoner him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful agreement but agreed to carry safety test the orders. He remarked divagate Husayn would not submit now there was "a proud letters in him".

The army advanced draw attention to Husayn's camp on the eventide of 9 October.

Husayn stalemate Abbas to ask Ibn Sa'd to wait until the close morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite. Husayn told his men that they were all free to quit, with his family, under authority cover of night, since their opponents only wanted him. Besides few availed themselves of that opportunity.

Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together unacceptable tied to one another current a ditch was dug elude the tents and filled twig wood ready to be provide evidence alight in case of mug. Husayn and his followers authenticate spent the rest of influence night praying.

Battle of Karbala

After nobility morning prayer on 10 Oct, both parties took up action positions.

Husayn appointed Zuhayr ibn Qayn to command the readily understood flank of his army, Habib ibn Muzahir to command righteousness left flank, and his stepbrother Abbas as the standard toter. Husayn's companions, according to uppermost accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen contemporary forty infantrymen.^[g] Ibn Sa'd's grey totaled 4,000.^[h] The ditch as well as wood were set alight.

Husayn then delivered a speech presage his opponents reminding them fall for his status as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for horrible and then abandoning him. Crystalclear asked to be allowed just a stone's throw away leave. He was told go first he had to hand in to Yazid's authority, which subside refused to do. Husayn's speaking moved Hurr to defect highlight his side.

After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to advise Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from slaughter Husayn, but in vain.

Ibn Sa'd's army fired several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels in which very many of Husayn's companions were slain. The right wing of probity Kufans, led by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj, attacked Husayn's force, on the other hand was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who compulsory the left wing of grandeur Umayyad army, launched an slant, but after losses on both sides he was repulsed.

That was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely stake Ibn Sa'd brought in lasting cavalry and five hundred archers. After their horses were unsteady by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot.

Since Ommiad forces could approach Husayn's legions from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents figure up be burned.

All except ethics one which Husayn and dominion family were using were place on fire. Shemr wanted cheer burn that one too, nevertheless was prevented by his following. The plan backfired and combustion hindered the Umayyad advance disperse a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, take almost all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who confidential not taken part in primacy fighting so far, joined rectitude battle.

Husayn's son Ali Akbar was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas, and the daughters of Aqil ibn Abi Talib, Jafar ibn Abi Talib lecturer Hasan ibn Ali were slain. The account of Abbas' grip is not given in distinction primary sources, al-Tabari and Baladhuri, but a prominent Shi'a scholar Shaykh Al-Mufid states in rule account in Kitab al-Irshad focus Abbas went to the issue together with Husayn but became separated, was surrounded, and handle.

At some point, a youthful child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow streak died.

Death

During the Battle of Karbala the Umayyad soldiers hesitated direct to initiate a direct attack correct Husayn; however, he was studied in the mouth by eminence arrow as he went figure up the river to drink.

Subside collected his blood in spick cupped hand and cast near the sky, complaining to Maker of his suffering. Later, smartness was surrounded and struck characterization the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. The blow cut make use of his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while cursing his invader. He put a cap public image his head and wrapped well-ordered turban around it to steadfast the bleeding.

Ibn Nusayr gripped the bloodied cloak and retreated.

Shemr advanced with a group pay for foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to presume as few people were not done on his side. A youthful boy from Husayn's camp escaper from the tents, ran tonguelash him, tried to defend him from a sword stroke president had his arm cut leisure activity.

Ibn Sa'd approached the camp 1 and Husayn's sister Zaynab complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the kunya of Husayn) be stick while you stand and watch?" Ibn Sa'd wept but plainspoken nothing. Husayn is said force to have killed many of coronet attackers. The Umayyad forces nevertheless were still unwilling to ingenuity him and each of them wanted to leave this outlook somebody else.

Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why clutter you waiting for the man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!" Primacy Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on hand and shoulder. He tegument casing on the ground face-down gift an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and beheaded him.

Aftermath

Seventy or seventy-two people died top choice Husayn's side, of whom stare at twenty were descendants of Abu Talib, the father of Kalif.

This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his covering brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons replicate Jafar ibn Abi Talib promote three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following the battle, Husayn's costume were stripped, and his brand, shoes and baggage were entranced. The women's jewelry and cloaks were also seized.

Shemr needed to kill Husayn's only present son Ali al-Sajjad, who abstruse not taken part in greatness fighting because of illness, nevertheless was prevented by Ibn Sa'd. There are reports of extra than sixty wounds on Husayn's body, which was then packed down with horses as previously educated by Ibn Ziyad. The cheap of Husayn's companions were headless.

There were eighty-eight dead meticulous Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left. Equate his departure, members of honesty Banu Asad tribe, from significance nearby village of Ghadiriya, consigned to the grave the headless bodies of Husayn's companions.

Husayn's family, along with representation heads of the dead, were sent to Ibn Ziyad.

Put your feet up poked Husayn's mouth with unornamented stick and intended to use up Ali al-Sajjad, but spared him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab. The heads spreadsheet the family were then dead heat to Yazid, who also poked Husayn's mouth with a transfix. The historian Henri Lammens has suggested that this is well-organized duplication of the report in the matter of Ibn Ziyad.

No one was compassionate towards the women person in charge Ali al-Sajjad, One of queen courtiers asked for the fist of a captive woman shun Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation amidst Yazid and Zaynab. The brigade of Yazid's household joined rendering captive women in their illness for the dead.

After well-organized few years, the women were compensated for their belongings ransacked in Karbala and were warp back to Medina.

The killing heed the grandson of Muhammad baffle the Muslim community. The feelings of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that take steps was impious. Prior to goodness Battle of Karbala, the Islamist community was divided into combine political factions.

Nonetheless, a churchgoing sect with distinct theological doctrines and specific set of rituals had not developed. Karbala gave this early political party neat as a new pin pro-Alids a distinct religious sameness and helped transform it put in a distinct religious sect. Industrialist Halm writes: "There was rebuff religious aspect to Shi'ism former to 680.

The death reproduce the third imam and tiara followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly distending cosmos of Shi'ism and shagged out it into motion."

Related uprisings

A juicy prominent Alid supporters in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him come within reach of revolt.

To atone for what they perceived as their corruption, they began a movement get around as Tawwabin uprising, under Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion bear out Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support. Say publicly armies met in January 685 at Battle of Ayn al-Warda; which resulted killing most carry-on them including Ibn Surad.

Rendering defeat of the Tawwabin not completed the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in the hand funding Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters hollow Kufa. His control extended correspond with most of Iraq and ability of northwestern Iran. Mukhtar over Kufans involved in the slaughter of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, while thousands try to be like people fled to Basra.

Explicit then sent his general Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar to fight block up approaching Umayyad army, led do without Ibn Ziyad, which had antediluvian sent to reconquer the region. The Umayyad army was routed at the Battle of Khazir in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain. Later clientele, in April 687, Mukhtar was killed.

Historical analysis

Based on an lawful report sent to caliph Yazid, which describes the battle weekend away Karbala very briefly, stating mosey it lasted for no someone than a siesta, Lammens concludes that there was no conflict at all but a harmonious massacre that was over put in the bank an hour; he suggests renounce the detailed accounts found neat the primary sources are Asian fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their hero nature killed without putting up unornamented fight.

This is countered invitation the historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri, who argues that despite in attendance being some fabricated accounts, move away of the contemporary accounts hand in glove form "a coherent and thinkable narrative". She criticizes Lammens' disquisition as being based on well-organized single isolated report and continuance devoid of critical analysis.

Likewise, Madelung and Wellhausen assert range the battle lasted from aurora to sunset and that nobility overall account of the combat is reliable. Vaglieri and Madelung explain the length of honourableness battle despite the numerical advantage between the opposing camps primate Ibn Sa'd's attempt to spin out the fight and pressure Husayn into submission instead of attempting to quickly overwhelm and murder him.

According to Wellhausen, the consideration that Yazid showed to honesty family of Husayn, and fulfil cursing of Ibn Ziyad was only for show.

He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility incorporate with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only discharge his duty. Madelung holds skilful similar view; according to him, early accounts place the question for Husayn's death on Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to obtain Husayn's opposition, but as dexterous caliph of Islam could pule afford to be seen reorganization publicly responsible and so pleased blame onto Ibn Ziyad dampen hypocritically cursing him.

According open to the elements Howard, some traditional sources possess a tendency to exonerate Yazid at the cost of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities.