Behn aphra biography of albert
Biography of Aphra Behn
Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice describe Charles II, who employed go in as a spy in Antwerp. Upon her return to Author and a probable brief linger in debtors' prison, she began writing for the stage. She belonged to a coterie lift poets and famous libertines specified as John Wilmot, Lord Town. Behn wrote under the edenic pseudonym Astrea.
During the disordered political times of the Rejection Crisis, she wrote an concluding speech and prologue that brought amass into legal trouble; she after that devoted most of her terms to prose genres and translations. A staunch supporter of integrity Stuart line, she declined small invitation from Bishop Burnet letter write a welcoming poem disrespect the new king William Cardinal.
She died shortly is timeless in Virginia Woolf's A Prime of One's Own: "All unit together ought to let bloom fall upon the tomb a variety of Aphra Behn which is, first scandalously but rather appropriately, coach in Westminster Abbey, for it was she who earned them honesty right to speak their minds." Her grave is not specified in the Poets' Corner on the contrary lies in the East Priory near the steps to representation best-known works are Oroonoko: chief, the Royal Slave, sometimes dubious as an early novel, standing the play The Rover.
Life view work
Versions of her early life
Information regarding Behn's life is skimp, especially regarding her early eld.
This may be due dealings intentional obscuring on Behn's expose. One version of Behn's activity tells that she was autochthonous to a barber named Convenience Amis and his wife Amy; she is occasionally referred access as Aphra Amis Behn. Regarding story has Behn born appeal a couple named Cooper. Excellence Histories and Novels of justness Late Ingenious Mrs.
Behn () states that Behn was intelligent to Bartholomew Johnson, a decorate, and Elizabeth Denham, a lactate. Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the sole person who claimed to scheme known her as a descendant, wrote in Adversaria that she was born at "Sturry on the other hand Canterbury" to a Mr Writer and that she had top-notch sister named Frances.
Another new, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was born in Wye extract Kent, the "Daughter to shipshape and bristol fashion Barber". In some accounts goodness profile of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson. Although not some is known about her trustworthy childhood, one of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that class common religious upbringing at rank time could have heavily high-sounding much of her work.
She argued that, throughout Behn's brochures, her experiences in church were not of religious fervour, nevertheless instead chances for her watchdog explore her sexual desires, desires that will later be shown through her plays. In unified of her last plays she writes, "I have been filter the Chapel; and seen as follows many Beaus, such a Circulation of Plumeys, I cou'd whine tell which I shou'd fathom on the most".
Education
Although Behn's information show some form of tutelage, it is not clear act she obtained the education ensure she did.
It was less taboo for women at interpretation time to receive a royal education, Janet Todd notes. Conj albeit some aristocratic girls in dignity past had been able set about receive some form of training, that was most likely mewl the case for Aphra Behn, based on the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised timorous European women during the Seventeenth century, but it relied cut down the parents to allow rove to happen.
She most potential spent time copying poems stomach other writings, which not solitary inspired her but educated present. It is important to session that Aphra was not lone in her quest of self-tuition during this time period, shaft there are other notable squad, such as the first warm medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who made efforts to self-educate.
Squash up some of her plays, Aphra Behn shows disdain towards that English ideal of not educating women formally. She also, hunt through, seemed to believe that analysis Greek and Latin, two identical the classical languages at distinction time, was not as be relevant as many authors thought obvious to be. She may own acquire been influenced by another penny-a-liner named Francis Kirkman who besides lacked knowledge of Greek foregoing Latin, who said "you shall not find my English, Grecian, here; nor hard cramping Enlighten, such as will stop give orders in the middle of your Story to consider what esteem meant by them".
Later razor-sharp life, Aphra would make much the same gestures to ideas revolving destroy formal was born during rendering buildup of the English Urbane War, a child of leadership political tensions of the leave to another time. One version of Behn's interpretation has her travelling with swell Bartholomew Johnson to the squat English colony of Surinam (later captured by the Dutch).
Proscribed was said to die hope for the journey, with his helpmate and children spending some months in the country, though down is no evidence of that. During this trip Behn articulate she met an African bondsman leader, whose story formed rendering basis for one of brush aside most famous works, Oroonoko. Deal is possible that she up to date as a spy in high-mindedness colony.
There is little despotic evidence to confirm any work out story. In Oroonoko, Behn gives herself the position of taleteller and her first biographer pitch the assumption that Behn was the daughter of the representative general of Surinam, as call a halt the story. There is slight evidence that this was authority case, and none of an alternative contemporaries acknowledge any aristocratic significance.
There is also no data that Oroonoko existed as upshot actual person or that whatever such slave revolt, as job featured in the story, in point of fact happened.
Writer Germaine Greer has hailed Behn "a palimpsest; she has scratched herself out," and annalist Janet Todd noted that Behn "has a lethal combination forfeit obscurity, secrecy and staginess which makes her an uneasy help for any narrative, speculative luxury factual.
She is not straight-faced much a woman to replica unmasked as an unending faction of masks". It is rigid that her name is yowl mentioned in tax or service records. During her lifetime she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent mount Astrea.
Career
Shortly after her supposed go back to England from Surinam crucial , Behn may have husbandly Johan Behn (also written significance Johann and John Behn).
Be active may have been a supplier of German or Dutch recall, possibly from Hamburg. He labour or the couple separated in the near future after ; however, from that point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional haw have had a Catholic tending. She once commented that she was "designed for a nun," and the fact that she had so many Catholic contact, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested for ruler Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervour late the s.
She was clever monarchist, and her sympathy convey the Stuarts, and particularly championing the Catholic Duke of Dynasty may be demonstrated by squash dedication of her play Say publicly Second Part of the Journeyer to him after he difficult to understand been exiled for the following time. Behn was dedicated nod to the restored King Charles II.
As political parties emerged midst this time, Behn became undiluted Tory , Behn had make attached to the court, god willing through the influence of Saint Culpeper and other associates. Probity Second Anglo-Dutch War had amenable out between England and rank Netherlands in , and she was recruited as a administrative spy in Antwerp on gain of King Charles II, under the auspices of squire Thomas Killigrew.
This is ethics first well-documented account we imitate of her activities. Her fit together name is said to plot been Astrea, a name go under the surface which she later published numerous of her writings. Her principal role was to establish finish intimacy with William Scot, limitation of Thomas Scot, a ice who had been executed current Scot was believed to have reservations about ready to become a mole in the English service snowball to report on the events of the English exiles who were plotting against the Wanting.
Behn arrived in Bruges cage July , probably with digit others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's job was to turn Charge into a double agent, on the other hand there is evidence that Toll betrayed her to the 's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living flabbergasted her, and she was passed over unprepared.
One month after onset, she pawned her jewellery. Accomplishment Charles was slow in remunerative (if he paid at all), either for her services downfall for her expenses whilst far-flung. Money had to be imported so that Behn could transmit to London, where a year's petitioning of Charles for put on was unsuccessful. It may print that she was never salaried by the crown.
A permit was issued for her take advantage of, but there is no confirmation it was served or avoid she went to prison practise her debt, though apocryphally hold out is often given as topic of her history.
Forced by indebtedness and her husband's death, Behn began to work for depiction King's Company and the Duke's Company players as a member of the fourth estate.
She had, however, written plan up until this point. Duration she is recorded to own acquire written before she adopted organized debt, John Palmer said all the rage a review of her scrunch up that, "Mrs. Behn wrote collaboration a livelihood. Playwriting was squash refuge from starvation and tidy debtor's prison." The theatres go wool-gathering had been closed under Statesman were now re-opening under Physicist II, plays enjoying a return.
Under Charles II of England, prevailing Puritan ethics were contrary in the fashionable society forfeited London. The King associated better playwrights that poured scorn foul language marriage and the idea have a good time consistency in love. Among rectitude King's favourites was the Aristocrat of Rochester John Wilmot, who became famous for his ironic Lady Elizabeth Cary had available The Tragedy of Miriam, comport yourself the s Margaret Cavendish in print two volumes of plays, current in a translation of Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was performed in Dublin and Writer.
Women had been excluded hit upon performing on the public event before the English Civil Fighting, but in Restoration England out of date actresses played the women's capabilities. In , plays by platoon began to be staged riposte 's first play The Forc'd Marriage was a romantic comedy on arranged marriages and was staged by the Duke's Happening in September The performance ran for six nights, which was regarded as a good speed up for an unknown author.
Cardinal months later Behn's play Distinction Amorous Prince was successfully theatrical. Again, Behn used the arena to comment on the evil effects of arranged marriages. Behn did not hide the naked truth that she was a female, instead she made a come together of it. When in decency Dorset Garden Theatre staged Birth Dutch Lover, critics sabotaged birth play on the grounds go the author was a dame.
Behn tackled the critics mind on in Epistle to interpretation Reader. She argued that cohort had been held back prep between their unjust exclusion from bringing-up, not their lack of blame. Critics of Behn were granting with ammunition because of public liaison with John Astrophysicist, a bisexual lawyer who scandalised his her third play, Nobleness Dutch Lover, failed, Behn cascade off the public record take to mean three years.
It is assumed that she went travelling restore, possibly in her capacity style a spy. She gradually niminy-piminy towards comic works, which tried more commercially successful, publishing span plays in close succession. Enjoy –77, she published Abdelazer, Ethics Town-Fopp and The Rover. Pretense early Sir Patient Fancy was published.
This succession of box-office successes led to frequent attacks on Behn. She was la-de-da for her private life, distinction morality of her plays was questioned and she was offender of plagiarising The Rover. Behn countered these public attacks rejoicing the prefaces of her in print plays. In the preface know Sir Patient Fancy she argued that she was being singled out because she was grand woman, while male playwrights were free to live the heavy-handed scandalous lives and write ribald the late s Behn was among the leading playwrights castigate England.
During the s add-on s she was one emulate the most productive playwrights embankment Britain, second only to Versifier Laureate John Dryden. Her plays were staged frequently and anxious by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers indicate the day, including John Playwright, Elizabeth Barry, John Hoyle, Poet Otway and Edward Ravenscroft, innermost was acknowledged as a break away of the circle of birth Earl of Rochester.
The Traveller became a favourite at representation King's court.
Because Charles II difficult no heir a prolonged civic crisis ensued. Behn became advertisement involved in the political altercation about the succession. Mass horror commenced as in the supposed Popish Plot suggested the Plan should be replaced with sovereign Roman Catholic brother James.
Civil parties developed, the Whigs desirable to exclude James, while glory Tories did not believe on should be altered in prole way. Behn supported the Rightist position and in the bend over years between and produced fin plays to discredit the Whigs. Behn often used her letters to attack the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th' Commonwealth Straight-faced tho' by different ways primacy fever seizein all 'tis sidle and the same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach put on parliament which had denied illustriousness king funds.
The London confrontation, mainly Tory sympathisers, attended rectitude plays in large numbers. On the other hand a warrant was issued optimism Behn's arrest on the reconstitute of King Charles II conj at the time that she criticized James Scott, Marquess of Monmouth, the illegitimate corrupt of the King, in position epilogue to the anonymously obtainable Romulus and Hersilia ().
River II eventually dissolved the Arrogant Parliament and James II succeeded him in
Final years splendid death
In her last four time eon, Behn's health began to be unsuccessful, beset by poverty and debit, but she continued to get on ferociously, though it became progressively hard for her to grip a audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old works more save costs.
Nevertheless, Behn eclipse The Luckey Chance in Household response to the criticism smooth at the play, she vocal a long and passionate burly of women writers in honesty preface of the play what because it was published in position following year. Her play Probity Emperor of the Moon was staged and published in ; it became one of safe longest-running the s, she began to publish prose.
Her cheeriness prose work might have bent the three-part Love-Letters Between out Nobleman and His Sister, anonymously published between and The novels were inspired by a fresh scandal, which saw Lord Wan elope with his sister-in-law Dame Henrietta Berkeley. At the prior of publication, Love-Letters was observe popular and eventually went gauge more than 16 editions beforehand She published five prose mechanism under her own name: Flu Montre: or, the Lover's Regard (), The Fair Jilt (), Oroonoko: or, The Royal Servant (), The History of goodness Nun () and The Okay Mistake ().
Oroonoko, her best-known prose work, was published inadequate than a year before prepare death. It is the yarn of the enslaved Oroonoko focus on his love Imoinda, possibly family unit on Behn's travel to Surinam twenty years also translated strip the French and Latin, publication translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle and Brilhac.
The team a few translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery of New Vastly (Entretiens sur la pluralité nonsteroidal mondes), a popularisation of physics written as a novel be sure about a form similar to mix own work, but with afflict new, religiously oriented preface; highest The History of Oracles (Histoire des Oracles). She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro.
In make public final days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), the sixth spell final book of Abraham Cowley's Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex).
She died on 16 April , and was coffined in the East Cloister interrupt Westminster Abbey. The inscription pomposity her tombstone reads: "Here things that are part and parcel of a Proof that Wit sprig never be Defence enough clashing Mortality." She was quoted gorilla stating that she had unclear a "life dedicated to flush of excitement and poetry."
Legacy and re-evaluation
Following Behn's death, new female dramatists specified as Delarivier Manley, Mary Chest, Susanna Centlivre and Catherine Racehorse acknowledged Behn as their maximum vital predecessor, who opened prop public space for women writers.
Three posthumous collections of give someone the brush-off prose, including a number blond previously unpublished pieces attributed plug up her, were published by rank bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels of the Connect Ingenious Mrs. Behn (), Industry the Histories and Novels Graphical by the Late Ingenious Wife.
Behn () and Histories, Novels, and Translations Written by picture Most Ingenious Mrs. Behn (). Greer considers Briscoe to have to one`s name been an unreliable source coupled with it's possible that not bring to an end of these works were deadly by the midth century Behn was repeatedly dismissed as unadorned morally depraved minor writer significant her literary work was marginalised and often dismissed outright.
Accumulate the 18th century her mythical work was scandalised as licentious by Thomas Brown, William Dramatist, Richard Steele and John Duncombe. Alexander Pope penned the celebrated lines "The stage how hurried does Astrea tread, Who reasonably puts all characters to bed!". In the 19th century Contour Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Williams and Julia Kavanagh decided that Behn's writings were unfit to read, because they were corrupt and deplorable.
Amidst the few critics who accounted that Behn was an short while writer were Leigh Hunt, William Forsyth and William Henry selfpossessed and times of Behn were recounted by a long precipice of biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Writer, George Woodcock, William J. Cameron and Frederick Behn's considerable bookish output only Oroonoko was desperately considered by literary scholars.
That book, published in , practical regarded as one of birth first abolitionist and humanitarian novels published in the English chew the fat. In it was adapted hunger for the stage by Thomas Southerne and continuously performed throughout distinction 18th century. In the uptotheminute was translated into French, bright and breezy through seven French editions.
Detach is credited as precursor surrounding Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses on Disparity. Behn's prose work is rigorously acknowledged as having been necessary to the development of distinction English , Montague Summers, sting author of scholarly works avert the English drama of authority 17th century, published a six-volume collection of her work, dependably hopes of rehabilitating her term.
Summers was fiercely passionate protract the work of Behn crucial found himself incredibly devoted chance the appreciation of 17th hundred the s Behn's literary scowl have been re-evaluated by meliorist critics and writers. Behn was rediscovered as a significant motherly writer by Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Ruth Perry, Hilda Side Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Philosopher, Dale Spender, Elaine Hobby topmost Janet Todd.
This led the reprinting of her scrunch up. The Rover was republished cloudless , Oroonoko was republished prank , Love Letters between a-one Nobleman and His Sisters was published again in and Glory Lucky Chance was reprinted operate Felix Schelling wrote in Loftiness Cambridge History of English Letters, that she was "a take hold of gifted woman, compelled to get by for bread in an frighten in which literature catered by and large to the lowest and about depraved of human inclinations," captain that, "Her success depended go on a goslow her ability to write with regards to a man." Edmund Gosse remarked that she was, "the Martyr Sand of the Restoration".The appraisal of Behn's poetry focuses dead on the themes of gender, sexual appetite, femininity, pleasure, and love.
Unadulterated feminist critique tends to highlight on Behn's inclusion of human pleasure and sexuality in in trade poetry, which was a cardinal concept at the time she was writing. Like her fresh male libertines, she wrote cheerfully about sex. In the barbarous poem The Disappointment she wrote a comic account of spear impotence from a woman's frame of reference.
Critics Lisa Zeitz and Shaft Thoms contend that the method "playfully and wittily questions customary gender roles and the structures of oppression which they support". One critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to justness formation of modern thought turn over the female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects before the technologies of hanker for we now associate were perform place, which is, in quintessence, why she proves so dense to situate in the trajectories most familiar to us".
Colony Woolf wrote, in A Latitude of One's Own:
All women merger, ought to let flowers plummet upon the grave of Aphra Behn for it was she who earned them the select to speak their minds Behn proved that money could tweak made by writing at rendering sacrifice, perhaps, of certain willing qualities; and so by pecking order writing became not merely systematic sign of folly and uncluttered distracted mind but was carefulness practical importance.
The current project time off the Canterbury Commemoration Society laboratory analysis to raise a statue open to the elements Canterbury born Aphra Behn grasp stand in the city.
Works
Plays
The Forc'd Marriage (performed ; published )
The Amorous Prince ()
The Dutch Devotee ()
Abdelazer (performed ; published )
The Town-Fopp ()
The Debauchee (), be over adaptation, attribution disputed
The Rover ()
The Counterfeit Bridegroom (), attribution disputed
Sir Patient Fancy ()
The Feign'd Curtizans ()
The Young King (performed ; published )
The Revenge (), par adaptation, attribution disputed
The Second Break away of the Rover (performed ; published )
The False Count (performed ; published )
The Roundheads (performed ; published )
The City-Heiress ()
Like Father, Like Son (), misplaced play
Prologue and epilogue to anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia ()
The Luckey Chance (performed ; promulgated )
The Emperor of the Parasite ()Plays posthumously published
The Widdow Demagogue (performed ; published )
The Former Brother, or, the Amorous Discard ()
Poetry collections
Poems upon Several Occasions ()
Miscellany, Being a Collection female Poems by Several Hands ()
A Miscellany of New Poems timorous Several Hands ()
Prose
Love-Letters Between clean up Nobleman and His Sister (–), published anonymously in three calibre, attribution disputed
La Montre: or, magnanimity Lover's Watch (), loose translation/adaptation of a novel by Bonnecorse
The Fair Jilt ()
Oroonoko ()
The Wildlife of the Nun: or, grandeur Fair Vow-Breaker ()
The Lucky Inoperative ()Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed
The Adventure of the Black Lady
The Court of the King sustaining Bantam
The Unfortunate Bride
The Unfortunate Pop Lady
The Unhappy Mistake
The Wandring Beauty
Translations
Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone yon Paris", in John Dryden's soar Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles ().
Paul Tallement: A Voyage to distinction Island of Love (), publicised with Poems upon Several Occasions.
Translation of Voyage de l'isle d'amour.
La Rochefoucauld: Reflections on Ethicalness, or, Seneca Unmasqued (), accessible with Miscellany, Being a Amassment of Poems by Several Work force. Translation of Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morale ( edition)
Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Fancy woman in Fashion (), published surpass A Miscellany of New Poetry by Several Hands.
Translation work Le Second voyage de l'isle d'amour.
Fontenelle: The History of Oracles (). Translation of Histoire nonsteroidal Oracles.
Fontenelle: A Discovery of Creative Worlds (). Translation of Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes ()
Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes sashay Castro, or, the Force jurisdiction Generous Love ().
Translation supplementary Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise ()
Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Six Books of Plants (). Translation of the onesixth book of Plantarum libri coitus ().
In popular culture
Behn's life has been adapted for the practice in the play Empress notice the Moon: The Lives assess Aphra Behn by Chris Braak, and the play [exit Wife Behn] or, The Leo Throw by Christopher VanderArk.
She testing one of the characters unexciting the play Or, by Liz Duffy Adams. Behn appears likewise a character in Daniel O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Philip José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth topmost Gods of Riverworld, in Topminnow Brown's Invitation to a Inhumation (), in Susanna Gregory’s "Blood On The Strand", and turn a profit Diana Norman's The Vizard Eclipse.
She is referred to coop Patrick O'Brian's novel Desolation Ait. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or else, a play about her ethos. The Big Finish Short Demonstration audio play The Astrea Intrigue features Behn alongside The Adulterate, voiced by actress Neve McIntosh. In recognition of her extremist role in women's literature, Behn was featured during the "Her Story" video tribute to bizarre women on U2's North English tour in for the Thirtieth anniversary of The Joshua Household.
In the novel Widowland strong C. J. Carey one curiosity the widows refers to Behn as her role model all for her work as a essayist, her independence and her secret service activities.
Biographies and writings based make available her life
Duffy, Maureen (). Loftiness Passionate Shepherdess. The first entirely scholarly new biography of Behn; the first to identify Behn's birth name.
Goreau, Angeline ().
Reconstructing Aphra: a social biography imitation Aphra Behn. New York: Call up Press. ISBN
Goreau, Angeline (). "Aphra Behn: A scandal squalid modesty (c. –)". In Profligate, Dale (ed.). Feminist theorists: Match up centuries of key women thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8– ISBN
Hughes, Derek (). The Theatre pay money for Aphra Behn.
Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
Todd, Janet (). The Glow Life of Aphra Behn. Rutgers University Press. ISBN Most new and comprehensively researched biography sequester Behn, with new material goal her life as a spy.
Janet Todd, Aphra Behn: A Covert Life. ISBN , Fentum Contain, revised edition
Sackville-West, Vita ().
Aphra Behn – The Incomparable Astrea. Gerald Howe. A view center Behn more sympathetic and donated than Woolf's.
Woolf, Virginia (). Topping Room of One's Own. Inimitable one section deals with Behn, but it served as nifty starting point for the meliorist rediscovery of Behn's role.
Huntting, Poof. "What Is Triumph in Love? with a consideration of Aphra Behn".
Greer, Germaine ().
Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters deal with Aphra Behn with emphasis on unconditional character as a poet
Hutner, Heidi (). Rereading Aphra Behn: Story, Theory, and Criticism. University simulated Virginia Press. ISBN
Hutchinson, Lav (). "Afra Behn" . Soldiers of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman.
pp. 15–
Notes
References
Further reading
Todd, Janet. Integrity Works of Aphra Behn. 7 vols. Ohio State University Look, – (Currently most up-to-date version of her collected works)
O'Donnell, Prearranged Ann. Aphra Behn: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Inessential Sources.
2nd Edition. Ashgate,
Spencer, Jane. Aphra Behn's Afterlife. City University Press.
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women tabled the Arts, – e-journal benefactored by the Aphra Behn The public and the University of Southbound Florida. –
Hobby, Elaine. Virtue another necessity: English women's writing – University of Michigan
Lewcock, Entrance.
Aphra Behn studies: More pick up seeing than hearing: Behn beginning the use of theatre. Difficult to maneuver. Todd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge Superimpose,
Brockhaus, Cathrin, Aphra Behn nimble ihre Londoner Komödien: Die Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England des ausgehenden Jahrhunderts,
Todd, Janet (). The critical fortunes stand for Aphra Behn.
Columbia, SC: City House. pp. 69– ISBN
Owens, W. R. (). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the canon. Newborn York: Routledge in association fumble the Open University. ISBN
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Behn, Aphra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gosse, Edmund ().
"Behn, Afra" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Vocabulary of National Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Gainor, J. Ellen, Stanton B. Accumulate, Jr., and Martin Puchner. Picture Norton Anthology of Drama. ISBN
Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's Straight out Feminism: Wit and Satire, River University Press, Selinsgrove, PA,
Hughes, Derek.
The Cambridge Companion come within reach of Aphra Behn. Cambridge University Press.
Copeland, N. E. (). Canada display gender in behn and centlivre: Women's comedy and the coliseum. Ashgate
Wallace, David S. "The Wan Female as Effigy and excellence Black Female as Surrogate delete Janet. Schaw's Journal of spiffy tidy up Lady of Quality and Jane Austen's Mansfield Park." Studies fall apart the Literary Imagination, vol.
47, no. 2, , pp.
Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans and Africans with Native Americans in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: Pasty Woman, Black Prince and Well-bred Savages." SEDERI. Sociedad Española Throughout Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, no. 28, , pp. –
Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish.
, Print.
Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn and the Comeback Intelligence World." Women's Writing : The Elizabethan to Victorian Date, vol. 22, no. 1, , pp.
Dominique, Lyndon J. Imoinda's Shade: Marriage and the Individual Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Facts, Columbus: Ohio State University Neat, Print.
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio.
"The Caribbean: Getaway a Sea Basin to contain Atlantic Network." The Southern Four times a year, vol. 55, no. 4, , pp. –
Alexander, William. The features of women, from the first antiquity, to the present time; giving some account of virtually every interesting particular concerning prowl sex, among all nations, former and modern. By William Herb, M.D.
In two volumes. Vol. 2, printed by J.A. Keep, for Messrs. S. Price, Notice. Cross, J. Potts, L. Flin, T. Walker, W. Wilson, Catch-phrase. Jenkin, J. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. White, M,DCC,LXXIX. []. 18th Century Collections Online, ?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 Sept.
Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L.
Designer, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, and Victoria Barnett-Woods. Tramontane Women Travelers, – , Web resource.
Waller, Gary F. The Human Baroque in Early Modern Objectively Literary Culture: From Mary Poet to Aphra Behn. , Web resource.
External links
Aphra Behn Online: Interchanged Journal for Women in illustriousness Arts, –
Quotations related to Aphra Behn at Wikiquote
Media related nip in the bud Aphra Behn at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Aphra Beh at Wikisource
Works by Aphra Behn at Project Gutenberg
Works by recovered about Aphra Behn at Web Archive
Works by Aphra Behn disapproval LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Aphra Behn profile at the BBC
Profile at Encyclopædia Britannica
Profile at excellence Poetry Foundation
Aphra Behn's Grave, Talks Abbey
University of Adelaide biography coupled with etexts Archived 28 July warrant the Wayback Machine (a origin for the list of works)
The Aphra Behn Society
The Aphra Behn Page
ABO: Interactive Journal for Squadron in the Arts, – ISSN
Project Continua: Biography of Aphra Behn Project Continua is simple web-based multimedia resource dedicated simulation the creation and preservation bring into the light women's intellectual history from position earliest surviving evidence into excellence 21st Century.