Contribution of dorothy hodgkin family

English chemist (1910–1994)

Dorothy Mary Buttercup HodgkinOM FRS HonFRSC^[9][10] (née Crowfoot; 12 Can 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning Straight out chemist who advanced the advance of X-ray crystallography to provocative the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.^[9][11]

Among her most influential discoveries varying the confirmation of the clean of penicillin as previously suppositious by Edward Abraham and Painter Boris Chain; and mapping rectitude structure of vitamin B₁₂, in the direction of which in 1964 she became the third woman to increase the Nobel Prize in Immunology.

Hodgkin also elucidated the re-erect of insulin in 1969 equate 35 years of work.^[12]

Hodgkin moved the name "Dorothy Crowfoot" unfinished twelve years after marrying Saint Lionel Hodgkin, when she began using "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Physician is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Refrain singers (when referring to its favour of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), and by Somerville College.

Class National Archives of the Leagued Kingdom refer to her by the same token "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin".

Early life

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was inborn in Cairo, Egypt,^[13] the principal of the four daughters whose parents worked in North Continent and the middle East hub the colonial administration and ulterior as archaeologists.

Dorothy came diverge a distinguished family of archaeologists.^[14] Her parents were John Chill Crowfoot (1873–1959), working for dignity country's Ministry of Education, stream his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to body and family as Molly.^[15] Excellence family lived in Cairo near the winter months, returning posture England each year to keep away from the hotter part of representation season in Egypt.^[16]

In 1914, Hodgkin's mother left her (age 4) and her two younger sisters Joan (age 2) and Elisabeth (age 7 months) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing, endure returned to her husband imprisoned Egypt.

They spent much slant their childhood apart from their parents, yet they were abetting from afar. Her mother would encourage Dorothy to pursue high-mindedness interest in crystals first displayed at the age of 10. In 1923, Dorothy and an extra sister would study pebbles wind they had found in not faroff streams using portable mineral dissection kit.

Their parents then stricken south to Sudan where, pending 1926, her father was serve charge of education and anthropology. Her mother's four brothers were killed in World War Unrestrainable and as a result she became an ardent supporter bring into play the new League of Nations.^[17][18]

In 1921 Hodgkin's father entered accompaniment in the Sir John Kept woman Grammar School in Beccles, England,^[10] where she was one bear out two girls allowed to memorize chemistry.^[19] Only once, when she was 13, did she consider an extended visit to frequent parents, then living in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, disc her father was Principal have a high opinion of Gordon College.

When she was 14, her distant cousin, nobility chemist Charles Harington (later Sir Charles), recommended D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry.^[20] Resuming rank pre-war pattern, her parents ephemeral and worked abroad for neighbourhood of the year, returning register England and their children be intended for several months every summer.

Bear hug 1926, on his retirement deprive the Sudan Civil Service, world-weariness father took the post style Director of the British Institution of Archaeology in Jerusalem, annulus he and her mother remained until 1935.^[21]

In 1928, Hodgkin coupled her parents at the archaeologic site of Jerash, in current Jordan, where she documented influence patterns of mosaics from different Byzantine-era Churches dated to prestige 5th–6th centuries.

She spent alternative than a year finishing justness drawings as she started torment studies in Oxford, while extremely conducting chemical analyses of crystal tesserae from the same site.^[22] Her attention to detail rainy the creation of precise worthy drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in alchemy.

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Hodgkin enjoyed the suffer of field archaeology so yet that she considered giving pervade chemistry in favour of archaeology.^[23] Her drawings are archived timorous Yale University.^[14]

Hodgkin developed a fervour for chemistry from a ant age, and her mother, out proficient botanist, fostered her control in the sciences.

On penetrate 16th birthday her mother gave her a book by Defenceless. H. Bragg on X-ray crystallography, "Concerning the Nature of Things", which helped her decide put your feet up future.^[24] She was further pleased by the chemist A.F. Carpenter, a family friend who besides worked in Sudan.^[25]

Her state nursery school education did not include Serious, then required for entrance hitch Oxbridge.

Her Leman School manage, George Watson, gave her private tuition in the subject, sanctionative her to pass the Hospital of Oxford entrance examination.^[25]

When Physician was asked in later survival to name her childhood heroes, she named three women: twig and foremost, her mother, Molly; the medical missionary Mary Slessor; and Margery Fry, the Paramount of Somerville College.^[26]

Higher education

In 1928 at age 18 Hodgkin entered Somerville College, Oxford, where she studied chemistry.^[25] She graduated fell 1932 with a first-class awards degree, the third woman enthral this institution to achieve that distinction.^[27]

In the autumn of put off year, she began studying recognize the value of a PhD at Newnham Faculty, Cambridge, under the supervision provide John Desmond Bernal.^[28] It was then that she became clued-up of the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the framework of proteins.

She was workings with Bernal on the technique's first application to the breakdown of a biological substance, pepsin.^[29] The pepsin experiment is to a large extent credited to Hodgkin, however she always made it clear drift it was Bernal who at the start took the photographs and gave her additional key insights.^[30] Coffee break PhD was awarded in 1937 for research on X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of sterols.^[1]

Career and discoveries

In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship strong Somerville College, and in 1934, she moved back to City.

She started teaching chemistry be smitten by her own lab equipment. Righteousness college appointed her its be foremost fellow and tutor in alchemy in 1936, a post which she held until 1977. Outing the 1940s, one of equal finish students was Margaret Roberts (later Margaret Thatcher)^[31] who, while Crucial Minister, hung a portrait near Hodgkin in her office luck Downing Street out of esteem for her former teacher.^[25] Doc was, however a life-long Effort Party supporter.^[32]

In April 1953, combination with Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl Assortment.

Oughton, Hodgkin was one identical the first people to interchange from Oxford to Cambridge analysis see the model of interpretation double helix structure of Polymer, constructed by Francis Crick captivated James Watson, which was homespun on data and technique derived by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. According to the entire Dr Beryl Oughton (married honour, Rimmer), they drove to University in two cars after Physician announced that they were separate to see the model pay money for the structure of DNA.

Hodgkin became a reader at Town in 1957 and she was given a fully modern work the following year.^[33] In 1960, Hodgkin was appointed the Sovereign august Society's Wolfson Research Professor, on the rocks position she held until 1970.^[34] This provided her salary, inquiry expenses and research assistance cut short continue her work at dignity University of Oxford.

She was a fellow of Wolfson Faculty, Oxford, from 1977 to 1983.^[35]

Steroid structure

Hodgkin was particularly noted expend discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures.^[11] Constrict 1945, working with C.H. (Harry) Carlisle, she published the regulate such structure of a endocrine, cholesteryl iodide (having worked unwanted items cholesteryls since the days sponsor her doctoral studies).^[36]

Penicillin structure

In 1945, Hodgkin and her colleagues, inclusive of biochemist Barbara Low, solved significance structure of penicillin, demonstrating, different to scientific opinion at magnanimity time, that it contains spick β-lactam ring.

The work was not published until 1949.^{[37][nb 1]}

Vitamin B₁₂ structure

In 1948, Hodgkin cheeriness encountered vitamin B₁₂,^[38] one bank the most structurally complex vitamins known, and created new crystals.

Vitamin B₁₂ had first bent discovered at Merck earlier wind year. It had a style at the time that was almost completely unknown, and conj at the time that Hodgkin discovered it contained sapphire, she realized the structure consummation could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis. The large cut back on of the molecule, and loftiness fact that the atoms were largely unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a challenge in structure dissection that had not been beforehand explored.^[39]

From these crystals, she implicative the presence of a moving structure because the crystals were pleochroic, a finding which she later confirmed using X-ray crystallography.

The B₁₂ study published building block Hodgkin was described by Actress Bragg as being as vital "as breaking the sound barrier".^[39][40] Scientists from Merck had before crystallised B₁₂, but had promulgated only refractive indices of high-mindedness substance.^[41] The final structure obvious B₁₂, for which Hodgkin was later awarded the Nobel Premium, was published in 1955^[42] current 1956.^[43]

Insulin structure

Insulin was one sponsor Hodgkin's most extraordinary research projects.

It began in 1934 like that which she was offered a miniature sample of crystalline insulin induce Robert Robinson. The hormone captured her imagination because of magnanimity intricate and wide-ranging effect on easy street has in the body. Subdue, at this stage X-ray crystallography had not been developed isolated enough to cope with decency complexity of the insulin iota.

She and others spent various years improving the technique.

It took 35 years after deputation her first photograph of almanac insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography and computing techniques to properly able to tackle larger predominant more complex molecules like insulin. Hodgkin's dream of unlocking nobleness structure of insulin was be in breach of on hold until 1969 in the way that she was finally able extremity work with her team be fooled by young, international scientists to discover the structure for the be foremost time.

Hodgkin's work with insulin was instrumental in paving representation way for insulin to put in writing mass-produced and used on keen large scale for treatment worry about both type one and derive two diabetes.^[44] She went inaptness to cooperate with other laboratories active in insulin research, discordant advice, and traveling the field giving talks about insulin attend to its importance for the vanguard of diabetes.

Solving the makeup of insulin had two crucial implications for the treatment claim diabetes, both making mass fabrication of insulin possible and despite the fact that scientists to alter the configuration of insulin to create unvarying better drug options for patients going forward.^[44]

Personal life

Personality

Hodgkin's soft-spoken, patrician and modest demeanor hid out steely determination to achieve yield ends, whatever obstacles might murky in her way.

She lyrical devotion in her students captain colleagues, even the most poorer of whom knew her clearly as Dorothy. Her structural studies of biologically important molecules pinched standards for a field depart was very much in event during her work life. She made fundamental contributions to high-mindedness understanding of how these molecules carry out their tasks hem in living system.

Mentor

Hodgkin's mentor ProfessorJohn Desmond Bernal greatly influenced afflict life: scientifically, politically, and by oneself. Bernal was a key well-controlled adviser to the UK administration during the Second World Fighting. He was also an initiate and vocal member of birth Communist Party and a vertical above board supporter of the Soviet arrangement until its invasion of Magyarorszag in 1956.

He was trim chemist who believed in level opportunity for women. In rulership laboratory, Hodgkin extended work ditch he began on biological molecules including sterols. She helped him to make the first X-ray diffraction studies of pepsin beginning crystalline protein. Hodgkin always referred to him as "Sage". They were lovers before she reduction Thomas Hodgkin.^[45] The marriages cherished both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by the standards accord the present and of those days.^[46]

Health

In 1934, at the advantage of 24, Dorothy began experiencing pain in her hands initiating them to become swollen gain distorted.

She was diagnosed line rheumatoid arthritis, and went comparable with a clinic in Buxton financial assistance thermal baths and gold treatments.^[47] After some treatment, Hodgkin complementary to the lab, where she struggled to use the central switch on the x-ray paraphernalia due to the condition match her hands.

She had rescue create a lever on brew own in order to practice the switch.^[48] Her condition would become progressively worse and draining over time, with deformities splotch both her hands and mutiny, and prolonged periods of anguish. While Hodgkin spent a sheer deal of time in excellent wheelchair in her later majority, she remained scientifically active buy her career.^[49]

Marriage and family

In 1937, Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, an historian's son, who was then teaching an adult-education class in mining and profit-making communities in the north endorsement England after he resigned disseminate the Colonial Office.^[50] He was an intermittent member of influence Communist Party and later wrote several major works on Person politics and history, becoming orderly well-known lecturer at Balliol Academy in Oxford.^[51] As his variable was too poor for hidden military service, he continued valid throughout World War II, cyclical to Oxford on the weekends, where his wife remained functional on penicillin.

The couple abstruse three children: Luke^[52] (b. 1938. d. Oct. 2020), Elizabeth^[53] (b. 1941) and Toby^[54] (b. 1946). The oldest son, Luke, became a mathematics instructor at depiction new University of Warwick. Their daughter, Elizabeth, followed her father's career as a historian.

Their younger son, Toby, studied vegetation and agriculture. Overall, Thomas Doc spent extended periods of repulse in West Africa, where elegance was an enthusiastic supporter allow chronicler of the emerging postcolonial states.

Aliases

Hodgkin published as "Dorothy Crowfoot" until 1949, when she was persuaded by Hans Clarke's secretary to use her united name on a chapter she contributed to The Chemistry admit Penicillin.

By then she locked away been married for 12 age, given birth to three offspring and been elected a One of the Royal Society (FRS).^[55]

Thereafter she would publish as "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin", and this was the name used by influence Nobel Foundation in its premium to her and the life it included among other Altruist Prize recipients;^[55] it is further what the Science History Academy calls her.^[56][57] For simplicity's advantage, Hodgkin is referred to reorganization "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Converse Society, when referring to warmth sponsorship of the Dorothy Physician fellowship,^[58] and by Somerville Institute, after it inaugurated the reference lectures in her honour.

The National Archives of the Concerted Kingdom refer to her monkey "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin"; vocation a variety of plaques observance places where she worked woeful lived, e.g. 94 Woodstock Follower, Oxford, she is "Dorothy Kingcup Hodgkin". In 2022, the Tributary of Biochemistry in Oxford renamed its much expanded building end Hodgkin, calling it the "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building".^[59]

Contacts with scientists abroad

Between the 1950s and nobleness 1970s, Hodgkin established and repaired lasting contacts with scientists space her field abroad—at the Faculty of Crystallography in Moscow; establish India; and with the Asiatic group working in Beijing careful Shanghai on the structure confiscate insulin.

Her first visit get on the right side of China was in 1959. Above the next quarter century, she travelled there seven more stage, the last visit a epoch before her death.^[60] Particularly dazzling was the visit in 1971 after the Chinese group person independently solved the structure deserve insulin, later than Hodgkin's group but to a higher drive.

During the subsequent three era, 1972–1975, when she was Top dog of the International Union have a high regard for Crystallography she was unable endorsement persuade the Chinese authorities, notwithstanding, to permit the country's scientists to become members of nobleness Union and attend its meetings.

Her relations with a putative scientist in another "People's Democracy" had less happy results.

Advocate the age of 73, Dr. wrote a foreword to prestige English edition of Stereospecific Polymerisation of Isoprene, published by Parliamentarian Maxwell as the work possess Elena Ceaușescu, wife of Romania's communist dictator. Hodgkin wrote curiosity the author's "outstanding achievements" stall "impressive" career.^[61] Following the unseat of Ceausescu during the Rumanian Revolution of 1989, it was revealed that Elena Ceausescu difficult to understand neither finished secondary school dim attended university.

Her scientific attestation were a hoax, and probity publication in question was inescapable for her by a band of scientists to obtain skilful fraudulent doctorate.^[62]

Political views and activities

Because of Hodgkin's political activities, dominant her husband's association with distinction Communist Party, she was unlawful from entering the US pin down 1953 and subsequently not licit to visit the country with the exception of by CIA waiver.^[63]

In 1961 Saint became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana, skilful country he visited for considerable periods before Nkrumah's ouster engage 1966.

Hodgkin was in Ghana with her husband when they received the news that she had been awarded the Altruist Prize.

She acquired from in exchange mother, Molly, a concern feel about social inequalities and a individualism to do what she could to prevent armed conflict. Dorothy became particularly concerned about integrity threat of nuclear war.

Clasp 1976, she became president summarize the Pugwash Conference and served longer than any who preceded or succeeded her in that post. She stepped down shoulder 1988, the year after honesty Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty constrained "a global ban on short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems, as well as an curious verification regime".^[3] She accepted significance Lenin Peace Prize from nobility Soviet government in 1987 giving recognition of her work on line for peace and disarmament.

Disability cope with death

Due to distance, Hodgkin definite not to attend the 1987 Congress of the International Combining of Crystallography in Australia. Notwithstanding, despite increasing frailty, she floored close friends and family soak going to Beijing for decency 1993 Congress, where she was welcomed by all.

She acceptably in July 1994 after pure stroke, at her husband's fair in the village of Ilmington, near Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire.^[12]

Portraits

The National Vignette Gallery, London lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin^[64] including protract oil painting of her belittling her desk by Maggi Hambling^[65] and a photograph portrait outdo David Montgomery.^[66]

Graham Sutherland made introductory sketches for a portrait perfect example Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978.

One sketch is in dignity collection of the Science World Institute and another at primacy Royal Society in London. Rendering portrait was never finished.^[57][67][68]

A silhouette of Dorothy Hodgkin by Politico Organ was commissioned by unofficial subscription to become part break into the collection of the Talk Society.

Accepted by the commandant of the society on 25 March 1982, it was goodness first portrait of a eve Fellow to be included essential the Society's collection.^[69][70]

Honours and awards

While living

• By 1945 she had succeeded in identifying the structure characteristic vitamin B12, describing the bargain of its atoms in span dimensions.
• Hodgkin won the 1964 Chemist Prize in Chemistry, and evenhanded the only British woman somebody to have been awarded nifty Nobel Prize in any near the three sciences it recognizes.
• In 1965 she was appointed cause problems the Order of Merit.

  She was the second woman^{[citation needed]} to receive the Order.

• In 1976, she was the first girl to receive the prestigious Painter Medal.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1947, she was elected a Fellow of picture Royal Society (FRS) in 1947^[71] and EMBO Membership in 1970., Hodgkin was Chancellor of nobleness University of Bristol from 1970 to 1988 which she was given an honorary Degree bring into play Science from University of Rinse in 1978.
• In 1958, she was elected a Foreign Honorary Partaker of the American Academy hook Arts and Sciences.^[72]
• In 1966, she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member insinuate her significant contribution.^[73]
• She became trim foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in honesty 1970s.
• In 1982 she received rank Lomonosov Medal of the Council Academy of Sciences.
• In 1987 she accepted the Lenin Peace Guerdon from the government of Mikhail Gorbachev and the first lady to receive the copley ribbon from winning from Lenin Serenity Prize.
• An asteroid (5422) discovered assignment 23 December 1982 by L.G.

  Karachkina (at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, M.P.C. 22509, in justness USSR) in 1993 was baptized "Hodgkin" in her honour.^[74]

• In 1983, Hodgkin received the Austrian Festoon for Science and Art.^[75]

Legacy

• British ceremony stamps – Hodgkin was prepare of five 'Women of Achievement' selected for a set fingers on in August 1996.

  The nakedness were Marea Hartman (sports administrator), Margot Fonteyn (ballerina/choreographer), Elisabeth Frink (sculptor) & Daphne du Maurier (writer). All except Hodgkin were Dames Commander of the Fear of the British Empire (DBEs). In 2010, during the 350th anniversary of the founding show the Royal Society, Hodgkin was the only woman in efficient set of stamps celebrating stand in for of the Society's most talented members, taking her place fringe Isaac Newton, Edward Jenner, Patriarch Lister, Benjamin Franklin, Charles Babbage, Robert Boyle, Ernest Rutherford, Bishop Shackleton and Alfred Russel Wallace.^[76]

• The Royal Society awards the Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship (named in recipe honour) "for outstanding scientists to hand an early stage of their research career who require marvellous flexible working pattern due require personal circumstances, such as nurturing or caring responsibilities or health-related reasons."^[58]
• The Council offices in class London Borough of Hackney limit buildings at University of Royalty, Bristol University and Keele Creation are named after her, although is the science block argue with Sir John Leman High Faculty, her former school.
• In 2012, Dr.

  was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The Fresh Elizabethans to mark the parcel Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. In this series a gore of seven academics, journalists mount historians named her among significance group of people in probity UK "whose actions during description reign of Elizabeth II possess had a significant impact get the impression lives in these islands station given the age its character".^[77]

• In 2015 Hodgkin's 1949 paper The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of class Structure of Penicillin was reverenced by a Citation for Chemic Breakthrough Award from the Partition of History of Chemistry get the message the American Chemical Society throb to the University of Metropolis (England).

  This research is stiff for its groundbreaking use sunup X-ray crystallography to determine primacy structure of complex natural receipts, in this instance, of penicillin.^[78][79]

• Since 1999, the Oxford International Women's Festival has presented the yearlong Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Lecture, as is the custom in March, in honour oppress Hodgkin's work.^[80] The Lecture testing a collaboration between Oxford AWiSE (Association for Women in Branch & Engineering), Somerville College limit the Oxford University Museum promote to Natural History.

See also

Notes

References