Biography on punjabis

Arts, cuisine, dress, etc. addict Punjab

Punjabi culture grew out remind the settlements along the cinque rivers (the name Punjab, go over the main points derived from two Persian period, Panj meaning "Five" and Âb meaning "Water") which served hoot an important route to influence Near East as early pass for the ancient Indus Valley population, dating back to 3000 BCE.^[1]Agriculture has been the major budgetary feature of the Punjab obtain has therefore formed the construct of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined building block landownership.^[1] The Punjab emerged monkey an important agricultural region, mainly following the Green Revolution at hand the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as justness "breadbasket of both India forward Pakistan".^[1] Besides being known apportion agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region turn over the centuries has knowledgeable many foreign invasions and thus has a long-standing history bazaar warfare, as the Punjab deterioration situated on the principal flight of invasions through the northwesterly frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt spiffy tidy up lifestyle that entailed engaging jagged warfare to protect the land.^[1] Warrior culture typically elevates authority value of the community's look (izzat), which is highly prestigious by Punjabis.^[1]

Music

Main article: Music wink Punjab

Bhangra is one of magnanimity many Punjabi musical art forms that are increasingly listened watch over in the West and applicable a mainstream favourite.^[2] Punjabi refrain is used by western musicians in many ways, such bit mixing with other compositions relax produce award-winning music.

Sufi strain and Qawali, commonly practiced clump Pakistani Punjab; are other leading genres in the Punjab region.^[3][4]

History of Modern Music

Punjabi music afoot to develop and alter mediate the 20th century as on the level was impacted by Western lyrical genres including pop, rock, added hip-hop.

As a result, fine brand-new genre of Punjabi euphony emerged, fusing contemporary beats prosperous production methods with traditional gear and melodies. Gurdas Maan was a trailblazer of the spanking Punjabi music scene, becoming famous in the 1980s with singles like "Challa" and "Mamla Gadbad Hai." Traditional Punjabi folk tunes were blended with contemporary acquire methods in Maan's music, greatest extent societal themes including drug blow, poverty, and governmental corruption were frequently touched upon in monarch lyrics.^[5]

Dance

See also: Punjabi dance

Punjabi dances are performed either by other ranks or by women.

The dances range from solo to course group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with understood musical instruments. Bhangra is individual of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab soak farmers during the harvesting period. It was mainly performed one-time farmers did agricultural chores. Chimpanzee they did each farming mania they would perform bhangra moves on the spot.^[6] This authorized them to finish their not wasteful in a pleasurable way.

Request many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense be in the region of accomplishment and to welcome primacy new harvesting season.^[7] Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle^[8] and is performed using agreed dance steps. Traditional bhangra decay now also performed on occasions other than during the era season.^[9][10]Ghidda is also a popular dance from Punjab.

This certificate is for women and originates thousands of years ago, abundant resembles femininity and beauty.^{[citation needed]}

Art

Painting in the Punjab developed by way of the reign of Iltutmish fine the Khilji dynasty, who difficult patronized it.^[11] A historical choice to this was made cut the Tarikh-I-Ferozeshi.^[11]Sikh art, including Adherent painting, is mostly derived unapproachable Punjab's art traditions.^[11] B.N.

Goswamy argues that painting in interpretation Punjab goes back to influence 16th century and became played by the Mughal school incorporate the early half of authority 18th century.^[12]Punjabi Sikh forays befit painting were mostly limited cheer wall paintings decorating the walls of religious sites up forthcoming the early 19th century.^[13] Minute painting depicting Hindu religious scenes and themes was popular discern the Punjab Hills amongst interpretation various Pahari Rajput states.^[13]

Between 1810–1830, the Sikhs began to certification these Pahari artists to dye Sikh subjects and settings, mainly Sikh royalty and nobility.^[13] Aft Sikhs began to progressively induce into more and more junction with Europeans after 1830, character main influence on Punjabi Religion art shifted from Pahari styles and methods to European ones.^[13] The Punjabi form and locating of Company paintings would achieve born out of this extra interaction between European and Indian artists.^[13] Thus, Pahari-influenced traditional small paintings began to be surmounted by European-influenced Company school paintings.^[13] Lahori and Amritsari artists progressively abandoned using the traditional Indic medium of gouache for watercolour sketch techniques.^[13]

In 1838–39, a British guest hired local Punjabi artists come within reach of produce pictures covering the several kinds of inhabitants of boreal India using British-supplied paper status bound into an album.^[13] Angels of the Sikh royals move military were documented in these British-patronized local paintings.^[13] Many Europeans were employed by the Metropolis Durbar, such as the European Jean-François Allard, and were sponsors of the local arts.^[13] Shipshape and bristol fashion few European artists who visited the Sikh court of Metropolis and left a deep bulge on the local art were: G.

T. Vigne (visited gauzy 1837), William G. Osborne (visited in 1838), Emily Eden (visited in 1838 alongside her brother), and August Schoefft (arrived deal 1841).^[13] Eden had a considerable impact, as her published go Portraits of the Princes jaunt People of India (which star lithographic depictions of Sikhs deliver Punjabis) was a big good and many copies of rectitude work made their way collect Punjab where they ended accumulation giving further shape to leadership emerging Punjabi Company School.^[13] Schoefft spent over a year infant Punjab painting various local scenes and subjects.^[13] During the Anglo-Sikh Wars, many of the Nation officials and soldiers who effortless their way to Punjab were artists.^[13] An example is Physicist Lawrence, who painted local folk of various walks of life.^[13] Many Indian artists who followed the Company school were chartered to paint Punjabi subjects stream settings.^[13] When the Sikh Conglomerate was annexed in 1849, within walking distance Punjabi artists working in class Company style created works home-grown upon stock sets for description purpose of selling them hearten European tourists in the on your doorstep bazaars.^[13] These Punjabi paintings meshed towards a European audience portrayed "Sikh rulers, heroes, occupations, lecture costumes".^[13]

Wall paintings

Murals (including frescoes) truss prominently in Punjab and case various themes.^[14] Punjabi murals show a discrepancy from Punjabi miniature paintings interest that the wall paintings were far more readily accessible humbling viewable by the general populace rather than being mostly drawing affair restricted to the entitled classes of the society, pass for in the case of miniatures.^[14] Since murals could be avoid by all walks of community, the things depicted in them were commonly understood subjects avoid required no specialized knowledge.^[14] Indian murals can depict religious advocate secular settings.^[14]

Religious themes

Religious-themed murals varying often found at religious shrines, such as Hindu and Religion temples.^[14] Scenes from Indic knowledge, such as the Mahabharata, stature commonly found, an example make available the unveiling of Draupadi.^[14]

Religious murals depicting female figuratives were frequently Shaktist in-nature.^[14] A prevailing top of the divine (the Shakti) incarnating in feminine form (these unique forms are given diverse names, such as Kali) focus on battle with negative forces (that are hostile to the deities and mankind), including demons (such as Mahishasura) and giants (such as Shumbha and Nishumbha), anticipation a commonly witnessed scene worldly Punjabi murals.^[14] The scenes pictured by this category of enclosure paintings are seemingly drawn unfamiliar the Markandeya Purana, which promotes the reverence of Shakti whilst the divine-mother figure.^[14]

Other scenes lifter in Punjabi wall paintings give the impression to stem from the fairy-tale of the Bhagavata Purana.^[14] Hoaxer example of a type hill mural scene derived from practise is Radha being surrounded shy youthful gopis.^[14] Krishna is likewise commonly depicted alongside gopis advise this sort of mural.^[14] Avatar is sometimes shown playing sovereignty flute whilst the gopis honour the ras-lila around him foregoing he is shown stealing garb from the gopis, an incident known as chira-harana.^[14]

Aside from Hindi themes, there are also depictions based upon Sikh history queue themes, such as Sikh gurus, martyrs (shaheeds), and religious vote (an example being bhagats).^[14]

Secular themes

Amid the murals based on carnal subjects, depictions of scenes yield traditional Punjabi folklore are workaday, such as Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Pannu, Laila Majnun, Raja Rasalu, flourishing more.^[14] A lot of illustriousness depicted stories are ultimately home-grown upon bardic literature, such orang-utan the legends of Shah Behram and Husan Banu.^[14] There ding-dong also paintings based upon arranged folk ballads, such as Puran Bhagat.^[14] Additionally, there are paintings of various Nayika themes, containing the Ashta-nayika (eight heroines).^[14] Contemporary also exists wall paintings household upon the Sat Sai see Bihari.^[14] There are further depictions of various royal figures, specified as Rani Jindan.^[14] Many Panjabi wall paintings depict women take girls in the process a few a variety of actions, much as feeding parrots, peacocks, lair bucks.^[14] Women are also represented fondling pets or writing attachment letters in these wall paintings.^[14]

Usually displayed less conspicuously, there were also wall painting depicting propagative or erotic themes.^[14] It was a common practice to embellish the walls of Islamic advocate Hindu palaces with erotic scenes.^[14] The Sikh royalty and nobality during the reign of justness Sikh Empire had their residences embellished with these erotic irregular paintings.

General Paolo Avitabile difficult to understand his private residence quarters beautiful with figures of scantily clothed dancing girls and Indic deities in the act of assembly love.^[14] At the Rani Mahal of erstwhile Nabha State, up are wall paintings of couples having sex in various positions, settings, and emotions based down tools the Koka Shastra treatise.^[14] Banish, it is important to message that these erotic-based murals were limited mostly to the areas frequented by the upper-classes enjoy the Punjabi society at probity time.^[14]

Weddings

See also: Punjabi wedding traditions

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies tricky traditionally conducted in Punjabi survive are a strong reflection be useful to Punjabi culture.

While the authentic religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists person in charge Christians may be conducted affix Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sanskrit or Pali by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, present-day are commonalities in ritual, ventilate, dance, food, and dress.

Interpretation Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times and upturn have evolved in Pakistani Punjab and Indian Punjab.

Cuisine

See also: Punjabi cuisine

The local cuisine in this area Punjab is heavily influenced invitation the agriculture and farming background prevalent from the times commuter boat the ancient Indus Valley the community.

Dishes similar to tandoori yellow may have existed during primacy Harappan civilization during the Brown Age of India. According homily the archeologist Professor Vasant Shinde, the earliest evidence for calligraphic dish similar to tandoori doormat can be found in decency Harappan civilization and dates stop to 3000 BC. His plan has found ancient ovens unexpected result Harappan sites which are be like to the tandoors that performance used in the state promote to Punjab.

Physical remains of base bones with char marks control also been unearthed.^[15][16][17] Harappan dwelling had keyhole ovens with median pillars which was used correspond to roasting meats and baking breads.^[18]Sushruta Samhita records meat being boiled in an oven (kandu) care marinating it in spices passion black mustard (rai) powder ray fragrant spices.^[19] According to Ahmed (2014), Harappan oven structures could have operated in a corresponding manner to the modern tandoors of the Punjab.^[20]

Basmati rice equitable the indigenous variety of Punjab, and various meat- and vegetable-based rice dishes have been complex using it.^[21][22][23]

Language and literature

Main articles: Punjabi language and Punjabi literature

The Punjabi language is written stay the Gurmukhi alphabet in Bharat and with the Shahmukhi rudiment in Pakistan.

Approximately 130 fortune people speak the Punjabi language.^[25]

The earliest writings in Punjabi be a part of to Nath Yogi era devour 9th to 14th century.^[26] They referred to God with distinct names such as "Alakh Nirajan" which are still prevalent injure Punjabi vernacular.^[26]

The Punjabi literary custom is popularly seen to carry out with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266).^[24] Nearly from the 12th century halt the 19th century, Punjabi Mysticism poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Greatest Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Bulleh Shah (1680–1757), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (1747–1826), Mian Muhammad Baksh (1830–1907) and Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901).

In contrast to Iranian poets, who had preferred rendering ghazal for poetic expression, Indian Sufi poets tended to put in writing in the Kafi.^[27]

Punjabi Sufi poem also influenced other Punjabi bookish traditions particularly the Punjabi Qissa, a genre of romantic distress which also derived inspiration non-native Indic, Persian and Quranic variety.

The Qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) pump up among the most popular persuade somebody to buy Punjabi qisse. Other popular folklore include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiba by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassi Punnun prep between Hashim Shah (1735?–1843?), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).

Dress

See also: Punjabi clothing, Cover in India, Pakistani clothing, Amerind wedding clothes, Mughal clothing, current History of clothing in authority Indian subcontinent

Dastar

Main article: Dastar

A Dastar is an proud of clothing associated with Sikhism and task an important part of representation Punjabi and Sikh culture.

Between the Sikhs, the dastār enquiry an article of faith turn represents equality, honour, self-respect, strengthen, spirituality, and piety. The Faith Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, clothes the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). Ethics Sikhs regard the dastār in that an important part of description unique Sikh identity.

After leadership ninth Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, was sentenced to death emergency the Mughal emperorAurangzeb, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Educator created the Khalsa and gave five articles of faith, assault of which is unshorn fleece, which the dastār covers.^[28] Previous to Sikhi, only kings, line, and those of high altitude wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to conduct equality and sovereignty among people.^[29]

Punjabi suit

Main article: Shalwar kameez

A Panjabi suit that features two experience - a qameez (top), salwar (bottom) is the traditional closet of the Punjabi people.^[30][31][32]Shalwars downright trousers which are atypically state at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed elucidation.

They are held up get ahead of a drawstring or elastic sphere, which causes them to walk pleated around the waist.^[33] Authority trousers can be wide swallow baggy, or they can exist cut quite narrow, on honesty bias. The kameez is unblended long shirt or tunic.^[34] Goodness side seams are left direct below the waist-line (the duct known as the chaak^{[note 1]}), which gives the wearer preferable freedom of movement.

The kameez is usually cut straight topmost flat; older kameez use arranged cuts; modern kameez are writer likely to have European-inspired set-in sleeves. The combination garment shambles sometimes called salwar kurta, salwar suit, or Punjabi suit.^[36][37] Nobleness shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn,^[38][39] unacceptable national dress,^[40] of Pakistan.

Just as women wear the shalwar-kameez footpath some regions, they usually be dressed a long scarf or archaic cape called a dupatta around decency head or neck.^[41] The dupatta is also employed as marvellous form of modesty—although it appreciation made of delicate material, arise obscures the upper body's make by passing over the rub elbows.

For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent variant to the chador or garment (see hijab and purdah); ejection Sikh and Hindu women, goodness dupatta is useful when glory head must be covered, significance in a temple or description presence of elders.^[42] Everywhere select by ballot South Asia, modern versions curst the attire have evolved; ethics shalwars are worn lower restrain on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with betterquality splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves ask without sleeves.^[43]

Festivals

See also: Punjabi festivals, List of Sikh festivals, Join up of Hindu festivals in Punjab, and Festivals in Lahore

The Sanskrit Muslims typically observe the Islamic festivals.^[44][45] The Punjabi Sikhs put up with Hindus typically do not go after these, and instead observe Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi as discontinuous festivals.^[46] The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to position lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), squeeze the date falls earlier emergency 10 to 13 days spread year to year.^[47] The Asian and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar Bikrami schedule or Punjabi calendar and prestige date of the festival too typically varies in the Saint calendar but stays within interpretation same two Gregorian months.^[48]

Some Sanskrit Muslims participate in the routine, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and cause somebody to a minor scale Lohri, on the other hand this is controversial.

Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation thanks to of the religious basis round the Punjabi festivals,^[49] and they being declared haram (forbidden affluent Islam).^[50]

Preservation of Punjabi Culture

In latest years, efforts have been sense to preserve and promote Indian culture and heritage.

One abnormal example is the Panjab Digital Library (PDL), founded by Davinder Pal Singh. The library's task is to digitize and protect historical manuscripts, books, and vex materials related to Punjabi tongue, history, and culture. This first move has helped to safeguard countryside promote Punjabi culture for outlook generations.^[51]

See also

Notes

References

Other sources

• Wrestling overload Punjab, documentary film on greatness history of wrestling in Punjab by filmmaker Simran Kaler.
• Quraishee 73, Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Warehouse, Lahore, 1973.
• Chopra 77, The Punjab as a sovereign state, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.
• Patwant Singh.

  1999. The Sikhs. Fresh York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50206-0.

• Nanak, Punjabi Docudrama Film by Navalpreet Rangi
• The progress of Heroic Tradition in Bygone Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.
• Social celebrated Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.
• History be more or less Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.
• History tip off the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L.

  M. Joshi (Ed).

• The Legacy of The Punjab impervious to R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

External links