Queen juana la loca biography

Queen of Castile (1504–1555) and Aragon (1516–1555)

"Juana la Loca" and "Joanna of Aragon" gratify here. For the movie, program Juana la Loca (2001 film). For other uses, see Joanna of Aragon (disambiguation) and Joanna of Castile (disambiguation).

Joanna
Portrait by the Master of Affligem, c. 1500
Reign	26 November 1504 – 12 April 1555
Predecessors	Isabella I person in charge Ferdinand V
Successor	Charles I
Co-monarchs	Philip I (1506) Charles I (from 1516)
Regents
Reign	23 January 1516 – 12 April 1555
Predecessor	Ferdinand II
Successor	Charles I
Co-monarch	Charles I
Born	6 November 1479 Toledo, Castile
Died	12 April 1555(1555-04-12) (aged 75) Tordesillas, Castile
Burial	Royal Chapel of Granada, Granada, Castile
Spouse
Issue
House	Trastámara
Father	Ferdinand II of Aragon
Mother	Isabella I carp Castile
Religion	Catholic Church
Signature

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad (Spanish: Juana la loca), was the nominal queen of District from 1504 and queen reinforce Aragon from 1516 to an extra death in 1555.

She was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and Severance Ferdinand II of Aragon. Joanna was married by arrangement itch the Austrian archduke Philip greatness Handsome on 20 October 1496.^[1] Following the deaths of turn one\'s back on elder brother John, elder fille Isabella, and nephew Miguel halfway 1497 and 1500, Joanna became the heir presumptive to illustriousness crowns of Castile and Dominion.

When her mother died display 1504, she became queen promote to Castile. Her father proclaimed human being governor and administrator of Castile.^[2]

In 1506, Joanna's husband Philip became king of Castile jure uxoris as Philip I, initiating glory rule of the Habsburgs show the Spanish kingdoms. Philip petit mal that same year.

Despite questionnaire the ruling queen of Castilla, Joanna had little effect periphery national policy during her rule as she was declared raving and confined in the Queenlike Palace in Tordesillas under class orders of her father, who ruled as regent until diadem death in 1516, when she inherited his kingdom as be successful.

Catalina de Medrano, together know her husband, Hernando de Sandoval y Rojas, participated in greatness custody, or care, of Sovereign Joanna in Tordesillas.^[3] Her little one Charles I became king, person in charge during his reign Joanna was nominally co-monarch but remained incommodious until her death. Joanna thriving aged 75 in 1555, unresponsive which point her son River, the Holy Roman Emperor, became the sole ruler of Dominion and Aragon.

Early life

Joanna was born on 6 November 1479 in the city of City in the Kingdom of District. She was the fourth however third surviving child and nobility second daughter of Isabella Funny of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, both members run through the House of Trastámara.

She had a fair complexion submit brown eyes, and her set down colour was between strawberry-blonde skull auburn, like her mother talented her sister Catherine. Her siblings were Isabella, Queen of Portugal; John, Prince of Asturias; Part, Queen of Portugal; and Empress, Queen of England.^[4]

Education

Joanna was literary and formally trained for tidy significant marriage that, as unembellished royal family alliance, would distend the kingdom's power and shelter as well as its stress and peaceful relations with vex ruling powers.

As an Infanta (princess), she was not constant to be heiress to picture throne of either Castile move quietly Aragon, although through deaths she later inherited both thrones.^[5]

Joanna's learned education consisted of canon captivated civil law, genealogy and heraldry, grammar, history, languages, mathematics, conjecture, reading, spelling and writing.^[5]: 61 Centre of the authors of classical learning she read were the Christlike poets Juvencus and Prudentius, Religion fathers Saint Ambrose, Saint Doctor, Saint Gregory, and Saint Theologian, and the Roman statesman Seneca.^[5]: 61

In the Castilian court Joanna's marketplace tutors were the Dominican curate Andrés de Miranda; educator Beatriz Galindo, who was a affiliate of the queen's court; skull her mother, the queen.

Joanna's royal education included court customs, dancing, drawing, equestrian skills, concerto, and the needle arts consume embroidery, needlepoint, and sewing.^[5]: 61 She studied the Iberian Romance languages of Castilian, Leonese, Galician-Portuguese weather Catalan, and became fluent affix French and Latin.

She erudite outdoor pursuits such as physicist and hunting. She was sound at dancing and music; she played the clavichord, the bass, and the monochord.

Marriage

In 1496, 16-year-old Joanna was betrothed puzzle out 18-year-old Philip of Austria, cage the Low Countries.

Philip's parents were Maximilian I, Holy Romish Emperor, and his first helpmate, Duchess Mary of Burgundy. Interpretation marriage was one of a-okay set of family alliances amidst the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras designed to strengthen both argue with growing French power.^[6]

Joanna entered smashing proxy marriage at the Palacio de los Vivero in distinction city of Valladolid, Castile, swing her parents had secretly united in 1469.

In August 1496 Joanna left from the alias of Laredo in northern Dominion on the Atlantic's Bay considerate Biscay. Except for 1506, like that which she saw her younger sis Catherine, the then-Dowager Princess relief Wales, she would never eclipse her siblings again.

Joanna began her journey to Brabant update the Low Countries, which consisted of parts of the put down to day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Author, and Germany, on 22 Honourable 1496.

The formal marriage took place on 20 October 1496 in Lier,^[1] north of contemporary Brussels. Between 1498 and 1507, she gave birth to scandalize children, two boys and quatern girls, all of whom grew up to be either emperors or queens.^[7]

Princess of Asturias

The surround of Joanna's brother John, rendering stillbirth of John's daughter, don the deaths of Joanna's elder sister Isabella and Isabella's opposing Miguel made Joanna heiress pause the Spanish kingdoms.

Her devastate siblings were Maria (1482–1517) duct Catherine (1485–1536), younger than Joanna by three and six time respectively.

In 1502, the Castilian Cortes of Toro^{[8]: 36–69 [9]: 303} recognised Joanna as heiress to the Castilian throne and Philip as link consort.

She was named Prince of Asturias, the title popularly given to the heir look up to Castile.^[10] Also in 1502, rendering Aragonese Cortes gathered in City to swear an oath take care of Joanna as heiress; however, rank Archbishop of Zaragoza, Alonso turn a blind eye to Aragón expressed firmly that that oath could only establish traditions by way of a detached agreement on the succession halfway the Cortes and the king.^{[11]: 137 [9]: 299}

In 1502, Philip, Joanna and well-ordered large part of their dreary traveled to Toledo for Joanna to receive fealty from significance Cortes of Castile as Crowned head of Asturias, heiress to rendering Castilian throne, a journey chronicled in great detail by Antoon I van Lalaing (French: Antoine de Lalaing).

Philip and depiction majority of the court exchanged to the Low Countries domestic the following year, leaving on the rocks pregnant Joanna in Madrid, at she gave birth to bake fourth child, Ferdinand, later marvellous central European monarch and Sacred Roman Emperor as Ferdinand Comical.

Reign

Queen of Castile

Succession

Upon the dying of her mother in Nov 1504, Joanna became queen supreme of Castile and her deposit jure uxoris its king pluck out 1506.

Joanna's father, Ferdinand II, lost his monarchical status hold back Castile although his wife's option permitted him to govern think it over Joanna's absence or, if Joanna was unwilling to rule human being, until Joanna's heir reached probity age of 20.^[12]

Ferdinand refused make longer accept this; he minted Castilian coins in the name supplementary "Ferdinand and Joanna, King trip Queen of Castile, León viewpoint Aragon", and, in early 1505, persuaded the Cortes that Joanna's "illness is such that influence said Queen Doña Joanna residual Lady cannot govern".

The Cortes then appointed Ferdinand as Joanna's guardian and the kingdom's ranger and governor.

Joanna's husband, Prince, was unwilling to accept common threat to his chances eliminate ruling Castile and also minted coins in the name corporeal "Philip and Joanna, King see Queen of Castile, Léon move Archdukes of Austria, etc."^[9]: 315 Bind response, Ferdinand embarked upon regular pro-French policy, marrying Germaine become hard Foix, niece of Louis Dozen of France (and his summarize great-niece), in the hope stroll she would produce a in somebody's company to inherit Aragon and it is possible that Castile.^{[13]: 138 [10]}

In the Low Countries, Joanna was kept in confinement, on the other hand when her father-in-law Maximilian (in semi-secrecy) visited them on 24 August 1505 she was on the loose to welcome him.

Maximilian enervated to comfort Joanna with praising and she spent weeks related him in public events, not later than which she acted like neat as a pin wise, prudent queen, as illustrious by the Venetian ambassador.^[a] Attack entertain Joanna, Philip and Maximilian (who was dressed incognito) jousted against each other at darkness, under torchlight.

Maximilian told Prince that he could only cut it as a monarch if old man and wife were "una cosa medesima" (one and the same). After this, the couple passive somewhat. When Philip tried holiday at gain support from Castilian aristocracy and prelates against Ferdinand while, Joanna firmly refused to imprint against her father.^[15][16][17]

Ferdinand's remarriage basically strengthened support for Philip stand for Joanna in Castile, and give it some thought late 1505 the pair settled to travel to Castile.

Beforehand they boarded the ship, Joanna forbade a ship with ladylike attendants to join the ride, fearing that Philip would control illicit relationships with them. That action played right into Philip's and Ferdinand's propaganda against other. Leaving Flanders on 10 Jan 1506, their ships were broken-down on the English coast innermost the couple were guests enterprise Henry, Prince of Wales (later Henry VIII), and Joanna's look after Catherine of Aragon at Metropolis Castle.

They weren't able dole out leave until 21 April, dampen which time civil war was looming in Castile.

Philip superficially considered landing in Andalusia bid summoning the nobles to accept up arms against Ferdinand start Aragon. Instead, he and Joanna landed at A Coruña solemnity 26 April, whereupon the Castilian nobility abandoned Ferdinand en telephone.

Ferdinand met Philip at Villafáfila on 27 June 1506 provision a private interview in rendering village church. To the usual surprise, Ferdinand had unexpectedly well-adjusted over the government of Territory to his "most beloved children", promising to retire to Author. Philip and Ferdinand then pure the Treaty of Villafáfila in camera, agreeing that Joanna's "infirmities duct sufferings" made her incapable reminiscent of ruling and promising to keep out her from government and dismantle the Queen of crown esoteric freedom.

Ferdinand promptly repudiated integrity second agreement the same greeting, declaring that Joanna should not at any time be deprived of her declare as Queen Proprietress of Castilla. A fortnight later, having come forward to no fresh agreement confront Philip, and thus effectively use his right to interfere supposing he considered his daughter's seek to have been infringed plow into, he abandoned Castile for District, leaving Philip to govern come by Joanna's stead.^[13]: 139

Philip's death

By virtue atlas the agreement of Villafáfila, birth procurators of the Cortes reduction in Valladolid, Castile on 9 July 1506.

On 12 July,^{[8]: 69–91} they swore allegiance to Prince I and Joanna together since King and Queen of Dominion and León and to their son Charles as their heir-apparent.^[11]: 135 This arrangement only lasted ask a few months.

On 25 September 1506, Philip died aft a five-day illness in grandeur city of Burgos in District.

The probable cause of dying was typhoid fever^[18] but about were rumors that his father-in-law, Ferdinand II, had poisoned him.^[19] Joanna was pregnant with their sixth child, a daughter first name Catherine (1507–1578), who later became Queen of Portugal.

By 20 December 1506, Joanna was induce the village of Torquemada jammy Castile, attempting to exercise jettison rights to rule alone coach in her own name as Queen consort of Castile.

The country strike down into disorder. Her son shaft heir-apparent Charles, later Charles Hysterical, was a six-year-old child give off raised in his aunt's carefulness in northern European Flanders; cast-off father, Ferdinand II, remained deck Aragon, allowing the crisis have knowledge of grow.

A regency council prep below Archbishop Cisneros was set open up, against the queen's orders, on the other hand it was unable to look after the growing public disorder; pandemic and famine devastated the community with supposedly half the denizens perishing of one or loftiness other.

The queen was unfit to secure the funds mandatory to assist her to shield her power. In the insignificant of this, Ferdinand II exchanged to Castile in July 1507. His arrival coincided with unembellished remission of the plague nearby famine, a development which quieted the instability and left fleece impression that his return abstruse restored the health of primacy kingdom.^{[13]: 139 [10]}

Father's regency

Ferdinand II and Joanna met at Hornillos, Castile, get on 30 July 1507.

Ferdinand hence constrained her to yield sum up power over the Kingdom marketplace Castile and León to actually. On 17 August 1507, brace members of the royal assembly were summoned – supposedly hem in her name – and unqualified to inform the grandees be snapped up her father Ferdinand II's reappear to power: "That they obligation go to receive his tallness and serve him as they would her person and more." However, she made it discernible that this was against waste away will, by refusing to trip the instructions and issuing skilful statement that as queen ranking she did not endorse prestige surrender of her own commune powers.

Nonetheless, she was later queen in name only, elitist all documents, though issued weighty her name, were signed care Ferdinand's signature, "I the King". He was named administrator search out the kingdom by the Cortes of Castile in 1510, avoid entrusted the government mainly cuddle Archbishop Cisneros. He had Joanna confined in the Royal Fastness in Tordesillas, near Valladolid wealthy Castile, in February 1509 care having dismissed all of time out faithful servants and having right a small retinue accountable deliver to him alone.^[10] At this interval, some accounts claim that she was insane or "mad", contemporary that she took her husband's corpse with her to Tordesillas to keep it close enhance her.^[13]: 139

Son as co-monarch

As a mix of the death of stress father, Ferdinand II, on 23 January 1516, Joanna became Monarch of Aragon.

Cisneros and illustriousness regency council hid the rumour of her father's death liberate yourself from her, pretending he still temporary and ruled. Her then-17-year-old progeny Charles arrived in Asturias destiny the Bay of Biscay drain liquid from October 1517. Until his entrance, the Crown of Aragon was governed by Archbishop Alonso away from each other Aragón (an illegitimate son fortify Ferdinand) and her Crown motionless Castile was governed by Vital Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros.

Ignore 4 November, Charles and sovereign sister Eleanor met their glaze Joanna at Tordesillas – regarding they secured from her rectitude necessary authorisation to allow River to rule as her co-King of Castile and León move of Aragon. Despite her assent to his wishes, her labour would continue and Charles expansive the deceptions surrounding her, afterwards hiding the 1519 death lady Emperor Maximilian from her.^[20] Influence Castilian Cortes, meeting in Valladolid, spited Charles by addressing him only as Su Alteza ("Your Highness") and reserving Majestad ("Majesty") for Joanna.^[11]: 144 However, no way of being seriously considered rule by Joanna a realistic proposition.^{[13]: 143–146}

In 1519, River I ruled the Crown illustrate Aragon and its territories put up with the Crown of Castile most recent its territories, in personal unity.

In addition, that same period Charles was elected Holy Romanist Emperor. The kingdoms of Castilla and Aragon (and Navarre) remained in personal union until their jurisdictional unification in the mistimed 18th century by the Nueva Planta decrees, while Charles finally abdicated as Emperor of nobility Holy Roman Empire in inclination of his brother Ferdinand, mount as King of Spain family unit favour of his son Prince – an act that titular the "transition from a worldwide empire to defence of blue blood the gentry interests of the 'Austrian family' (austriacismo), in other words, tolerate a close alliance between fold up parts of the dynasty, regard at guaranteeing the hegemony retard Catholicism and of the family within Europe".^[21][22]

Revolt of the Comuneros

In 1520, the Revolt of loftiness Comuneros broke out in clarify to the perceived foreign Dynasty influence over Castile through Physicist V.

The rebel leaders required that Castile be governed staging accordance with the supposed code of the Catholic Monarchs. Do an attempt to legitimise their rebellion, the Comuneros turned deceive Joanna. As the sovereign prince, had she given written sanction to the rebellion, it would have been legalised and would have triumphed.

In an attain to prevent this, Don Antonio de Rojas Manrique, Bishop work Mallorca, led a delegation go in for royal councillors to Tordesillas, bidding Joanna to sign a chronicle denouncing the Comuneros. She demurred, requesting that he present subtract specific provisions. Before this could be done, the Comuneros production turn stormed the virtually pregnable city and requested her uphold.

The request prompted Adrian entrap Utrecht, the regent appointed insensitive to Charles V, to declare roam Charles would lose Castile venture she granted her support. Even if she was sympathetic to greatness Comuneros, she was persuaded jam Ochoa de Landa and out confessor Fray John of Avila that supporting the revolt would irreparably damage the country endure her son's kingship, and she therefore refused to sign unadulterated document granting her support.^[23] Class Battle of Villalar confirmed desert Charles would prevail over rank revolt.

Forced confinement

Charles ensured jurisdiction domination and throne by acceptance his mother confined for prestige rest of her life make out the now-demolished Royal Palace fit into place Tordesillas, Castile.^[24] Joanna's condition degraded further. She apparently became certain that some of the nuns that took care of subtract wanted to kill her.

Reportedly it was difficult for give someone the brush-off to eat, sleep, bathe, enhance change her clothes. Charles wrote to her caretakers: "It seems to me that the conquer and most suitable thing funding you to do is guideline make sure that no man speaks with Her Majesty, embody no good could come stick up it".^[25]

Joanna had her youngest girl, Catherine of Austria, with wise during Ferdinand II's time restructuring regent, 1507–1516.

Her older bird, Eleanor of Austria, had built a semblance of a unit within the palace rooms. Pigs her final years, Joanna's sublunary state began to decline like lightning, with mobility ever more laborious.

Joanna died on Good Fri, 12 April 1555, at prestige age of 75 in representation Royal Palace at Tordesillas.^[10] She is entombed in the Queenly Chapel of Granada in Espana, alongside her parents, Isabella Side-splitting and Ferdinand II, her garner Philip I and her nephew Miguel da Paz, Prince accept Asturias.

Disputed mental health claims

As a young woman, Joanna was known to be highly clever. Claims regarding her as "mad" are widely disputed.^[26] It was only after her marriage think about it the first suspicions of insane illness arose. Some historians disrepute she may have had melancholia, a depressive disorder, a psychoneurosis, or a case of instinctive schizophrenia.^[27]: 9 She may also have to one`s name been unjustly painted as "mad" as her husband Philip leadership Handsome and her father, Ferdinand, had a great deal come upon gain from Joanna being alleged sick or incompetent to rule.^[28][29][30]

The narrative of her purported accepting illness is perpetuated in tradition of the mental illness break into her maternal grandmother, Isabella souk Portugal, Queen of Castile, who, in widowhood, was exiled preschooler her stepson to the hall of Arévalo in Ávila, Castile.^[27]: 12

Legacy

Bethany Aram argues that while she seemed to be unable remember unwilling to rule herself, Joanna's major (political) significance lay set about her defense of the title of her descendants and non-standard thusly the Habsburg dynasty.

While she did have affection for Prince, her refusal to bury faction husband (and attempt to signify his corpse to Granada tolerable that he would lie hard by her mother) was likely apartment building attempt to ward off suitors and create a connection in the middle of Charles and Castile. Facing goodness leaders of the Comunero Coup d'‚tat, she again chose the Hapsburg dynasty over her Castilian outbreak.

Her fecundity provided Charles keep an eye on many Habsburg siblings (and get ahead of extensions, these siblings' children) who upheld his rule. Sara Methodical. Nalle agrees with Aram lose concentration this was Joanna's major become involved, while pointing out that Syria seems to gloss over birth fact that Joanna's contemporaries plainspoken see her as different.

Nalle opines that overall, Joanna was a troubled individual who was also not trained for prestige political world, found herself encircled by strong personalities, and challenging to face a shocking dimensions of cruelty and deceit.^[31]

Arms

Children

See also: Descendants of Isabella I have a high opinion of Castile and Ferdinand II break into Aragon

Ancestry

Notes

References

Bibliography

Biographies

• Prawdin, Michael, The Mad King of Spain (1939)
• Dennis, Amarie, Seek the Darkness: The Story interrupt Juana La Loca, (1945)
• Prescott, William H., History of Ferdinand turf Isabella (1854)
• Rosier, Johanna die Wahnsinnige (1890)
• Tighe, Harry, A Queen objection Unrest: The Story of Juana of Castile, Mother of Physicist V., Born 1479, Died 1555 (1907).
• Villa, R., La Reina doña Juana la Loca (1892)
• Aram, Bethany, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty celebrated Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).
• Fleming, Gillian B., Juana I: Genuineness and Conflict in Sixteenth 100 Castile (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
• Assini, Adriana, Le rose di Cordova, Scrittura & Scritture, Napoli 2007
• Fox, Julia, Sister Queens: The Lord, Tragic Lives of Katherine place Aragon and Juana, Queen spick and span Castile (New York: Ballantine Books, 2011).
• Bergenroth, G A.

  Introduction, Terminate 1, Calendar of State Archives, Spain; vol. 1, 1485–1509, (London, 1862), p. xlvii. British Features Online

Works cited

• Miller, Townsend, Castles and the Crown. Coward-McCann: Newborn York, 1963
• Aram, Bethany, "Juana 'the Mad's' Signature: The Problem befit Invoking Royal Authority, 1505–1507", Sixteenth Century Journal
• Elliott, J.H., Imperial Espana, 1469–1716
• de Francisco Olmos, José María: Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506), Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol.

  12, núm. 2 (Universidad complutense article Madrid).

• de Francisco Olmos, José María: Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); Revista General de Información one-sided Documentación 2003, vol. 13, núm. 2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid).
• Juan-Navarro, Santiago, Maria Gomez, and Phyllis Zatlin.

  Juana of Castile: Legend and Myth of the Insane Queen. Newark and London: Bucknell University Press, 2008.

External links